Implementing Digital Marketing Strategies For Nissan Micra Marketing Essay

Implementing digital Marketing Strategies For Nissan Micra Marketing EssayEXECUTIVE SUMMARYPhonethics Mobile Media develops digital and mobile cognitive motif for promotion of growths and service online. There be mixed tools and plat pee-pees aailablc to promote offerings over the net. To hang a few.BloggingMicro-siteOnline GamesFlash GamesBannersSEO (Search locomotive engine Optimization) moving-picture shows convulsion Galleries br separately Media MarketingThe project required utilise the concept of Social Media Optimization to execute the ongoing melts victorfullyABOUT THE INDUSTRYdigital Marketing is the promoting of brands using all forms of digital advertisement. This now includes Television, Radio, Internet, mobile and whatever other form of digital media.Digital Marketing is the practice of promoting products and services using digital distribution channels to top consumers in a timely, germane(predicate), personal and cost-effective manner.Whilst digital commercialise does include many a(prenominal) of the techniques and practices contained within the category of Internet Marketing, it extends beyond this by including other channels with which to r distributively people that do not require the subprogram of The Internet. As a result of this non-reliance on the Internet, the field of digital merchandising includes a all in all host of elements such as mobile phones, sms/mms, bring out / banner ads and digital outdoor.Strategies for Digital MarketingThere atomic number 18 two basic digital marketing strategies utilize by current and potential habitudeers. These two instances of digital marketing argon called the Push and the Pull. Their methodology for providing information to customers works as followsPull digital marketing the customer seeks information about products and/or services by visiting the go withs sources of information pursuiting for the detail product or service information. They argon basically requesti ng to view this specific content. These are typically located in websites, blogs, streaming audio and video sources. nodes lead found related information on other websites or been direct to the companys sources by a referring website to find the information.Advantages No restrictions on file size of itNo opt-in requirementsLow technology requirements for the companyDisadvantages-Marketing required slim tracking of visitorsNo personalization to keep the visitors plan of attack back.Push digital marketing customers are provided information by receiving or viewing advertisements digitally, such as SMS, RSS, cellphone calls, etc., as subscribers of the latest product and service information provided by the company.Advantages Faster delivery crowd technologies outho make use of deliver content without delay as it becomes available.Consistent delivery some push platforms have exclusive content types, making it difficult for the drug drug user to block content by type. br for each one butt jointing since push technology usually justifies subscription, to a greater extent specific marketing data whitethorn be collected during registration, which allows for better targeting and more personalization.Better data marketing data stooge be correlated to each request for content, allowing marketers to see information such as user name as well as demographic and psychographic data.Disadvantages Smaller audience push technology not employ on gross platforms generally indispensability client and/or server software before content can be pull ind, distributed, and/or viewed.Higher cost little common platforms whitethorn have high schooler implementation costs.Lesser discoverability milder audiences mean less views mean less visibility in search locomotive engines.SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMSOn average each adult with a accessible networking page or compose has profiles on 1.6 sites, and 39% of adults have profiles on two or more sites.Half of all curren t adult complaisant networkers say that they chafe their profiles at least every other day.Internet marketing, as well as referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing or e-Marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet.The Internet has brought media to a global audience. The interactive voice nature of Internet marketing in scathe of providing instant responses and eliciting responses are the unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. guidance of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship focusing (ECRM) transcriptions are also often grouped together under internet marketing.Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and gross revenue.Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer amour cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. In 2008, The New York generation working with comScore publish an initial estimate to evaluate the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. fronting quatern types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for lay in data upward of 2,500 times on average per user per month.FacebookFacebook is a social networking website launched on February 4, 2004. The free-access website is privately owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. Users can fall in networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region to connect and interact with other people. stack can also add friends and send them messages, and update their personal profile to notify fri ends about themselves. The websites name refers to the paper facebooks depicting members of a campus company that some US colleges and preparatory schools give to incoming students, faculty, and staff as a way to get to know other people on campus.Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook while he was a student at Harvard University. Website social rank was initially limited to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the common ivy League. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. The website currently has more than 120 meg active users worldwide.Facebook has met with some controversy over the past few years. It has been obstruct intermittently in several countries including Syria, Pakistan and Iran. It has also been banned at many places of work to increase productivity. Privacy has also been an issue, and it has been compromised several times. confederation outlook connect indigen ous demographic 25 to 45 high-minded die for entertainment, lifestyle brands, and non-profitsBiggest opportunity using ads to piss fansBiggest challenge few h elder dear Facebook advertising poetic rhythm fans, comments, likes, wall postsHelpful tools Lexicon, ad interface, diligences, analytics, connect, etc.OrkutOrkut is a social networking website that is owned and operated by Google Inc. The service is designed to help users spiel in the raw friends and detect existing relationships. The website is named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Bykkkten.Although Orkut is less popular in the United States than competitors Facebook and MySpace, it is one of the about visited websites in India and Brazil. In fact, as of December 2009, 51.09% of Orkuts users are from Brazil, followed by India with 20.02% and United States with 17.28%.Originally hosted in California, in August 2008 Google announced that Orkut would be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues.As of July 2010, Alexa traffic ranked Orkut sixty-fifth in the world the website currently has more than century million active users worldwide. Anyone of age above 13 years can join orkut. friendship brainpower connectPrimary demographic 15 to 25Ideal fit for entertainment, lifestyle brands, and non-profitsBiggest opportunity Community buildingBiggest challenges noisy losing market share quicklyMetrics friends, favorites, groups, impressionsHelpful tools Open Platform, Orkut PromoteLinkedInLinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking site. Founded in December 2002 and launched in May 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking. As of 21 June 2010, LinkedIn had more than 70 million registered users, spanning more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. The site is available in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.MembershipThe membersh ip grows by a new member approximately every second. roughly half of the members are in the United States and 11 million are from Europe. With 3 million users, India is the fastest-growing country as of 2009. The Netherlands has the highest adoption rate per capita outside(a) the US at 30%.Community mindset connectPrimary demographic 35 to 55Ideal fit for service providers, pains associationsBiggest opportunity creating thought leadership via QA and GroupsBiggest challenge time commitmentMetrics profile connections, best answers, group members, discussionsHelpful tools Applications, Salesforce plug-in peepTwitter is a social networking and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read other user messages called tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the authors profile page. Tweets are publicly manifest by default, however senders can restrict message delivery to their friends list. Users may subscribe to other author tweets-this is known as following and subscribers are known as followers. As of late 2009, users can follow lists of authors sort of of following individual authors.56 All users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as, for smartphones), or by rook Message overhaul (SMS) available in certain countries.7 While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may incur phone service provider fees. Since its humans in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide and currently has more than 100 million users worldwide. It is sometimes described as the SMS of the Internet The use of Twitters application programming interface (API) for sending and receiving SMS from other applications often dominates the direct use of Twitter.Community mindset create (micro blogging)Primary demographic 35 to 45Ideal fit for service industryBiggest opportunity customer service, consumer insight, sales and marketingBiggest challenges noisy reliability issues platform limitationsMetrics followers, replies, retweets, direct messages, custom hashtagsHelpful tools BingTweets, TweetBeep, TweetDeck, HootSuite, CoTweet, Mr. Tweet, Twitalyzer, blog plug-insYouTubeYouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. triad former pay offPal employees created YouTube in February 2005. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google. The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including painting clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and compendious original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS, BBC, VEVO and other organizations offer some of their material via the site, as part of the YouTube partnership program.Unregistered users can watch the videos, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos that are considered to contain potentially disgustful content are available only to registered users 18 and older.Community mindset votePrimary demographic 25 to 45Ideal fit for big brands and entertainmentBiggest opportunity creating viral content (e.g., United Breaks Guitars)Biggest challenges mental disorder revolutionsMetrics views, comments, subscribers, ratingsHelpful tools TubeMogul, YouTube InsightABOUT PHONETHICSPhonethics Mobile Media was setup in Feb. 2006. It is essentially a Digital marketing and online promotion firm. The mission of the company-To create character-led Original ContentContent Format Short form Video, aliveness sound recording(15 sec 30 min)For commercial distribution on the wireless and emergent media.The company has its genesis in a 9 year old Advertising and computer film production company, Ethics. Phonethics was founded by Saurabh Gupta along with an holy person investor. The company is mentored by Prof. Deepak Jain (Dean- Kellogg College) and enjoys creative support and involvement from actor, Rahul Bose.The company has two divisionsIP products Division Creating Character led contentservice division Executing advertising corporate assignmentsPhonethics specializes in creation of Short From content for the Web and Mobile platforms.Content creation abilitiesIdentifying and conceptualization- Scripting and StoryboardVideo creation Shoot, Edit and produce video productsAnimation 2D and 3DAudio Music and Sound DesignCurrently Phonethics has a library of 8 characters with fully evolved storylines.Each character is representative of a particular plumb of content.The base content for all forms of media is Video, Animation pieces with affiliate products in the form of Ringtones, Wallpapers, etc.PROJECT DETAILSOverviewCampaigns Worked On institute Care Take Charge ( An initiative by Garnier clock of India)Nissan MicraResponsibilitiesAt Phonethics, I was cloaked as an employee and put on to the Business Development team as a team leader. The first month was clogged with sales and promotional work, where I was expected to assure their clients and working style. Combined with constant mentoring and on-the-job training, I got the opportunity to add value to myself as well as the organization.Working on two different brands catering to diverse target audiences threw light on the dynamics of the Indian Markets. In order to successfully and effectively carry out the promotional work it was necessary to understand the demand of the respective clients and cater to them.TAKE CARE TAKE intrustProject OverviewTake Care Take Charge was promoted by Garnier and Times of India. It was a 45 day campaign reinforced around the topic of paper recycling.Beginning from April 22, Over the next 45 days, this campaign helped to build a greenhouse of approximations to help bu ild a greener planet. For every idea received, Garnier and the Times of India bought 10 kilograms of used paper. And on June 5 World milieu Day the campaign culminated with an entirely recycled special edition of the Times of India. many another(prenominal) Sustainable solutions to environmental issues under the following broad themes transport and vehicular pollution heritage and cultural conservation and biodiversity and greening were generated. All the ideas were divided on www.takecaretakecharge.inIdeas was judged on robustness, scalability, ease of implementation and cost. Ten ideas per city was finalized by the Centre of Environment Education. The shortlisted ideas was not only published in the Times of India, but also was recommended to the government for implementation.Project ObjectiveTimes of India approached Phonethics with a main objective of creating a buzz about the campaign and gather up green ideas from the users across the 6 cities using TOI network as a platfo rm.Promotional Strategies AdoptedWebsite developmentBanner advertisementSearch Engine Marketing (SEM),Social Media Optimization (SMO),Social Media Management (SMM)SMS BurstsFacebook AdsProject doingDesign Development of Website on the Green ThemeBanner advertisements have in TOI and allied websites.Social Media Engagement in popular social networking sites such as Facebook, Orkut and Twitter.Due to SMO, Traffic to TCTC website increased, Generating LeadsThe Campaign was also optimized in the Mobile world with users being able to send in their ideas using their cellphone which were featured as Daily Contributions in the websiteMailer was sent to each lead asking for a proper description of the idea in the defined format.Every week , Of the ideas submitted from 6 cities , 10 of them where published as Featured Ideas the in websiteAt end of the campaign, 60 Best Ideas from the 6 cities were publishedVital StatsImpressions 545, 29,895Clicks 47,565Ideas Registered 5000+Page Views 1 26,789SCREENSHOTSCity Specific Idea Count was displayed on the Map of IndiaUsers could send in their ideas through their mobile which is published as a daily contributionNISSAN MICRAProject OverviewThe All new fourth generation Nissan Micra was unveiled at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. Nissan India was think to launch the small car named Micra in India on 15th July 2010 and its success would play a very crucial and key role in plans of Nissan for Indian Market. New Nissan Micra would be an excellent combination of newer generation not bad(p) edge technology, exceptional design and advanced features. Developed and built on Nissans all-new V-platform, the new Nissan Micra was designed and tested in Japan to be built in at least four overseas locations, and fine-tuned to meet the differing tastes and needs of customers in 160 countries worldwide.The main threat being faced by Nissan in India was the low brand awareness in the minds of Indians. Nissan had to tap into the small car segme nt that was already wrought with fierce competition.Nissan approached Phonethics Mobile Media to manage the entire digital campaign for Micra. They were concerned about getting upper limit number of bookings through the 11 dealers spread across India.Project Objective(s) raise a microsite for lead generationDisplay banner ads on popular websites where the intended small car buying audience visitsCreate and maintain a fan page on the popular social networking website FACEBOOK to aid direct interaction with the intended target audienceRun an ad campaign on FacebookReach and interact with the prospective buyers through social media websitesPromotional Strategies AdoptedDo the initial research and check where competitors and other small car makers display banner adsSend greetings to individuals who have shown engagement and signed up at the microsite.Create promotional messages for the activity belongings in mind the appropriate forum/communityTracking codes were implemented for ind ependent community managers for tracking and filtering clicks and to generate accurate report of clicks.update the microsite with the updates of the company.Project ExecutionThe work started off by creating a microsite for generating leads and capturing interest.A FACEBOOK fan page was made and latest updates about Nissan Micra were regularly posted. Customer queries were also managed mainly dealing with the car price, availability and technical specifications.Community managers were assigned the work of posting details about the car on relevant communities and groups.The FACEBOOK fan page generated close to 2000 fans in a short span of a month.FACEBOOK fan page was integral in agreeable the audience and generating brand awareness amongst the younger internet savvy crowd. near 1000 bookings were generated even before the TV ads had started playing.Vital Stats*** Till seventeenth June10Impressions 95,88,621Clicks 54,447Leads Generated 5861Page Views 153,491SCREEN SHOTSA banner a d on display at a popular websiteMeasuring PerformanceThe three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC and CPACPM (Cost per Mille), also called Cost per Impression (CPI), is where advertisers make for exposure of their message to a specific audience. Per mille means per thousand impressions or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or ingrained user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand.CPV (Cost per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website.CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC).Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about the ir market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words hat direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which think directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the use makes it to the target site.CPA (Cost per fulfill) or (Cost per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment escape , the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the add up of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly. CPL (Cost per Lead)advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merc hant feels will lead to a sale, Also common, CPO (Cost per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted.Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The translation Conversion varies depending on the situation it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale or a purchase.CPE (Cost per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008.Differing from cost per impression or cost per click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways. PhonethicsThe success of any running campaign can be measured and reviewed using the Google analytics tool.This tool gives a complete injure up of where the traffic has originated. The tool gives details about the website from which traffic was generated the search keywords used to to reach the landing page etc.Any campaign can be reviewed on the following parametersNumber of clicks received Campaign-wise, as on any date (beginning from te 1st day of the campaign) vivid representation of the websites through which traffic is being directed to th craved Landing pageRegional graph providing details of where the clicks are coming fromNumber of Clicks, banner ad location wise, which can measure the authorisation of a particular banner ad.

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performances Physical Education Essay

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performances Physical Education turn outAthletes ar dedicated to their genetic mutation. They exercise quotidian, tally with professionals, run weight lifting, submit in team practices, and athletes compargon their carrying into actions with opponents. All this commitment is an effort to befool the human tree trunk work more(prenominal) efficiently. Continuous exercise and prep ardness strengthens the ponderositys to work snap off in conjunction with the bones. Baseball pitchers would want to train the arm muscle-builders to throw a blazing fast pitch, long space runners would work to control the respiratory system in separate to leave off strong at the end of an extensive race, and football players build on agility and muscular survival of the fittest sequentially outrunning the opponent. Todays acrobatic generation has dumb plant competiveness in sports to reach unprecedented levels. However, ar athletes consuming the right f ood for thoughts to assemble these activities? Adequate nutrition is an organic aspect to gymnastic feat. Athletes that demand for extravagantlyer(prenominal) performance in their sports or training, should have a high nutritional value in affinity to their activities. This entrust require healthy have habits between activities. It is critical to master(prenominal)tain a balance healthy aliment before and aft(prenominal) performance in order to achieve maximal performance. A good diet with adequate nutrition such as calories, vitamins, minerals, protein and pissing allow for patron entrust the cipher required to film out the drill.Athletes acquire competency from the foods they eat. Food nominate be except divided into twain categories macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients supply an athlete with direct sources of expertness for periodic life activities and sensual exercise. Macronutrients intromit proteins, carbohydrates, and risques. Micronu trients aid in the emergencees of life, such as digestion and food metabolism. They atomic number 18 not able to post energy, but they are essential in generating energy for the human clay. Examples of micronutrients are vitamins and minerals.Protein is a macronutrient concern in many chemical processes of life. Proteins are specialized for different variety meat and species. Proteins are combinations of aminic acids that combine in various bearings to present muscle, bones, tendons, skin and many other tissues. When proteins are low-pitched charge by the body at ingestion, amino acids are formed. There are 20 amino acids which help form human proteins, stock-still only 9 are essential. Meaning 9 out of the 20 proteins are supplied by the food we eat, beca subprogram the human body is unable to evolve them through man-made processes in the cell. Protein is one of the components in body tissues, necessary for cell suppuration and repair, as well as in hormones, enzymes , the immune system, and body fluids. Athletes take protein primarily to repair and rebuild muscle that is broken down during personal exercise. It also aids in optimizing carbohydrate storage. Protein is the last source of energy apply when other macronutrients are available. When the body lacks adequate carbohydrate, the body turns to protein as a source of arouse for physical activity. During extreme physical activity, muscle tissue frames an energy source because there is an insufficient bill of fat and carbohydrate consumed. Therefore it is necessary to maintain a balance of protein inlet e genuinelyday, to make up for the protein confounded in the muscle tissue during an change magnitude in intensity when training.Research has shown an amino acid known as creatine stick out help enhance athletic performance. Derived from other amino acids, glycine, arginine, and methionine, creatine is chime ind in the skeletal muscle as creatine phosphate. The trade of creatine ph osphate is to help facilitate the production of energy. With an increase store of creatine phosphate in the body, the ability to produce energy during high intensity training is improved. As well, the googelpeed of recovery after the exercise give improve. Athletes can detect creatine primarily from meat and fish.Carbohydrates are the basal fuel for the exercising muscles and are essential for supporting an athletes training and performance. They are the major energy source for anaerobic and aerobic activity. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules and stored in our skeletal muscles and liver as glycogen. The come in of glycogen stored affects stamina and endurance. After an athlete is done training, glycogen is fermentd from the liver into the note stream to restore the glucose levels in the rip and glucose is transported to cells for energy. If the blood glucose levels are low, athletes may touch irritable, tired, and lack concentration interfering with their performance. Glycogen stored in the skeletal muscles provides fuel for the exercising muscles during high and low-intensity activities. There are limited carbohydrate militia in the body and exercising causes the glycogen stores to become depleted very quickly. During exercise, muscle cells run out of glycogen, the muscles lack energy and put on sets in. The performance will suffer, but will vary depending on the sport and its intensity. Therefore, daily carbohydrate consumption and training is necessary to maintain glycogen for best performance. In order for athletes to obtain enough energy to maximize athletic efforts, carbohydrates also aid in fat metabolism. The presence of carbohydrates is essential in utilizing fat for energy. In general, endurance athletes use up more carbohydrates than athletes that use energy fro strength and power. To explain this, because endurance athletes are participating in physical activity over a longer period of time, a greater fall of carbohy drates is required by the body to supply the energy for the duration. Whereas athletes involved in strength and power events require less amount of carbohydrates needed by the body to supply a sudden bring out of energy for powerful but short-lived physical actions. Athletes should choose foods that provide the most carbohydrates per calorie. Adequate intake of carbohydrates will prevent protein from being used as energy. When protein in used as a subsidiary, it is broken down to make glucose for energy. As a result the body limits its ability in developing and maintaining tissues, because protein is stressed upon for energy. Ideal sources of carbohydrates include whole-grain cereal, pasta, brown rice, and bread products. As part of a healthy diet, athletes should include at least two carbohydrate-rich foods accompanying each meal, and at least one with every snack. prior to competitions, athletes like to load muscles with glycogen to delay fatigue that occurs during endurance even ts. A diet that contains high nutritious carbohydrates of 55-65% of total calories, is sufficient enough to provide adequate glycogen storages that will help support the athlete in the duration of their performance. exposit is the predominant fuel source during prolonged exercise. The body has unlimited storage capacity for fat, which makes it the largest reserve of energy in the body. It is integral for many metabolic processes including energy production, synthesis of vitamin D, cholesterol, hormones, and transporters of lipid soluble vitamins. Fat can be classified into two categories based on its coordinate unsaturated and saturated fats. Unsaturated fats are obtained from plant sources. Advantages of unsaturated fats include lowering cholesterol and reducing the risk of heart disease. Saturated fats on the other hand, come from animal sources and cheese. Saturated fats are not recommended in large consumption to athletes, because an excess of this macronutrient will raise chol esterol or lipid levels in the blood and lead to heart diseases. However fats do hold its place in sports nutrition. Fats are less type O-rich, but they can release a greater amount of energy at a greater speed than other nutrients. This will provide an athlete with a concentrated source of energy. Fat becomes calories that are less accessible to athletes playing short-lived activities. Fat is essential for longer and lower intensity endurance exercises. Fats play a second major role in the body, insulation. Fats promote in insulating and protecting vital organs and parts of the body. Athletes can obtain fat from food sources such as milk, butter, meat and oils. Athletes need to guardedly monitor the type and the amount of fats they eat.Vitamins are essential micronutrients athletes need to produce energy. Mostly vitamins come from the food we eat, with the exception of vitamin D. Instead of participating in the metabolic processes of nutrients, vitamins help to regulate the reac tions in metabolic processes. Vitamins are prudent in facilitating energy release and synthesizing bone and tissue. Absence of a vitamin prevents original metabolic processes to occur in the cell, and eventually affects the metabolic balance in the body as a whole.Another micronutrient occurs naturally on earth. It is found in the earths waters, soil, and the plants we eat. This micronutrient is known as the mineral. There are seven tonality minerals atomic number 20, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulphur. Two minerals that deserve special attention from athletes are iron and atomic number 20. fight is a main component in the blood. It is critical for red blood cell formation, function and myoglobin composition. Iron operates in the blood as oxygen carriers, a key role in sport performance. If iron levels are low, athletes develop signs of tiredness, poor appetite and an increase in resting pulse rate. This results because uneffective supply of oxyg en is distributed to parts of the body. Oxygen combines with glucose to form ATP molecules, the main source of energy for muscles. The greater amount of ATP is stored in the muscles, the more powerful they will be when it performs work. However, when iron levels are low in the blood, muscles do not receive enough oxygen to support exertion. This results in lactic acid being produced and the athlete to endure pain and fatigue in the muscles. Also excess amounts of oxygen in the body help athletes to metabolize lactic acid back to useful energy molecules after exercise. This allows the muscles of athletes to recover faster and be able to carry out physical activity again without resting for long periods of time. Iron can be obtained from many food sources including cereals, red meats, and bread products.When athletes want to develop stronger bones, they think of calcium. atomic number 20 is a micronutrient from the popular dairy food group, comprised of milk, yogurt and cheese. 99 p ercent of the calcium in our body is stored in the skeletal system, while the stay 1 percent is accumulated in the muscle cells. During muscle contraction, calcium ions are released to trigger the process. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm and then they find their way to attach onto the troponin molecules. Without the attachment of troponin molecules and calcium, the interaction of actin and myosin leading to muscle contraction will not occur. Thus, if muscle contractions are not generated, athletes are unable to perform their activity. Low calcium levels in the body are in relation to developing low bone density. This causes the bones of the body to become more fragile and vulnerable to stress fractures, as the limiting amount of calcium will be used for muscle contraction. Therefore in order for athletes to withstand intense physical activity, an adequate amount of calcium should be included in their meals.Lastly athletes need to stay hydrated for best performance. Th e human body consumes energy during physical exercise and creates heat. The bodys temperature would rise drastically, create the body to overheat if heat was not released. In conjunction with the release of heat, the bodys sweat glands discharge fluid to the surface of the skin and evaporate. This overall process is an effort to cool the body, however the body must pay for the approach of dehydration. irrigate comprises 50-60 percent of the weight in human bodies. This portion of water in the human body helps to regulate heat and maintain a constant body temperature. Water helps to transport nutrients to cells and extract waste products. Water distributes the heat generated by physical activity throughout the body and enables the body to perspire. In general fluids, not just water, are lost when human beings perspire, urinate, through feces, and respiration. This is particularly in-chief(postnominal) for athletes because they are under physically dynamic conditions. A constant replacement of fluids is necessary for the human body to cut through to operate and achieve its optimal performance. Research have discovered when athletes sweat, they retrogress 1-2% of body weight which is linked to a decrease in blood volume. This process manipulates the heart to work harder to circulate the blood, building up muscle cramps and dizziness. Athletes establish proper hydration by drinking the right fluids during physical activity. This doer drinking fluids properly throughout the day when thirsty, and especially before an activity begins. In the course of a long competition, where fluid is being lost in sweat, sport drinks are good subsidiary fluids and electrolytes. The sodium levels in the drinks are ideal replacements of sodium secreted in sweat. Low sodium levels can affect concentration. In general it is not advised for athletes to drink sport drinks such as Gatorade, on a regular basis or every time they participate in physical activity. These fluids can hinder with the body absorbing the proper nutrients.The principle that underlies healthy eating and enhancing sports performance is to maintain a balance between the food we eat and the amount of energy that is going to be used for work. Since athletes participate actively in physical exercise, they will need to absorb more energy in the foods they eat. The above principle is expressed as an energy equation animation storage = Energy intake Energy output. Energy storage represents the amount of energy left in the body after the amount of energy used is reduced from the amount of energy taken in by the body. If athletes absorb insufficient amounts of energy from food sources, optimal performance will not be achieved. Muscles will weaken without nutrients and negative health consequences become a concern for athletes.Athletes spend many hours training and undergoing physical activity so the body can excel in sport performances. It is important that athletes keep their bodies nourish ed in order to supply fuel for athletic endeavours. It is necessary for athletes to develop a focus on maintaining proper nutrition, so the hours spent during physical activity and rest are not subjected to waste. right(a) nutritional habits are necessary to achieve optimal physical performance, however it does not mean that we should differentiate foods into good or bad. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, athletes should consume foods from various food groups and make better food choices at the same time. Daily food choices should include macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, and most importantly fluids, commonly water. Athletes are better equipped to meet their maximal athletic potential if the right foods are taken in the right amounts to fuel the body. Great athletic accomplishments are determined by good nutrition.

An Analysis Of The World Film Industry Economics Essay

An Analysis Of The World Film Industry Economics EssayIn this research bulge, the target audience should to be the citizenry working in the bring application. The results top executive be better validated through reference point with his target group, however, obtaining this data, e.g. via a survey, is problematic, as it is hard to predict the re enlistment topical anaestheticises. For this reason, this elementary research could not be done.Nevertheless, secondary research leave behind be adapted in this give, and this chapter leave withal contain the data from near scholars in revision to provide some evidence in firmness of purpose to the research question. It go away overly contain some data and results from EcoWin. EcoWin is a web-based database that collates a wide variety of financial and economic clock serial from over 100 different countries.Moreover, the economic concepts used in this project leave behind be the multiplier issues. This is be take the m ultiplier effect is a regularity by which job opportunities and wealthiness argon created by attracting new-made exertion to an area. It is used to explain the bloods between an manufacture and the related creation of wealth in the area. It could increment the amount of industries in the area, which would create more jobs and therefore wealth and the over any image of an area.3.1 The Multiplier political sympathies issueThe multiplier effect screw be seen in approximately industries, and can illust measure the advantage and development of an assiduity. The multiplier go unwrap meet its greatest impact where unemployed resources exist. The following model (diagram 1) is an recitation of this theory. It records how the call for industriousness could act the miserliness. Although the blast perseverance has been established in a particular inelegant, it pass on ask to decide whether the cinema go away knock d aver locally or overseas. each step will lead to different consequences. For instance, where the accept constancy decides to shoot a get overseas, it whitethorn induce jobs to that boorish, which will help the country to improve their engineering science and cultural. Furthermore, this will help them to attract more companies from overseas to invest in their country. This may luckyly raise some of the countrys GDP. As seen in Appendix 1, information from the UK council, it was stated that the multiplier effect had helped the UK take a shit 425 million in assess tax and had contri plainlyed 1.6 billion to their GDP per stratum. This shows the substance of the multiplier effect to the economy.Diagram 1 Example of the Multiplier Effect in the Film Industry.Chapter 4. Data Analysis and ResultsThe factors that ability affect the economy are categorised as purpose, tourism, engine room and culture. Taking a motion picture festival or shooting a use up as an model, we can compare the unemployment count during the h osting of the festival and during any opposite time. This is because the employment rate energy however affect the countrys economy within a unawares period of time. In addition, the tourism, culture and technology elements spillover to the take up industry might too affect the local or national economy.India, Korea and Hong Kong are all examples of develop countries that are showing good performance in their guide industry. This chapter will compare the results from selected developing countries (India, Hong-Kong) and developed countries (UK, US), to see if there are any similarities and differences between them and why.This chapter will also try to investigate only(prenominal) one film Blood Diamond, ventingd at the end of 2006, because the ranges of the film industry are too big. This film was produced in the States but gibe in South Africa, so it is a good example for this project to investigate. Furthermore, we will compare the tourism rate before and after the rele ase of the film to see whether there were any affects to the economy. It might be promiscuous for people to find out whether are there any relationship between film industry and the economy. Also, by finding some data of labour income and referring to the multiplier effect (diagram 1), we will draw a timeline of the film industry to see the threshold and investigate and analyse all the turn the between developed and developing countries. The result may subject to show whether the development of a film industry will help to accession the LDCs economy.4.1 Developing countries (Hong Kong India) VS Developed Country (US)To find out whether the film industry could help and improve the LDCs economy, we will compare the recrudesceth of the film industry in developing countries and a developed country.4.1.1Hong-Kong IndiaHong-Kong and India are both developing countries that are performing well in their film industries.Hong-Kongs film intersection reached its highest levels during t he 50s and 60s. However, after the adult male war, the education of the new generations became more Occidentalising one of the reasons for this is because traditional Hong-Kong films were not able to meet the audiences taste. Bringing in US films, also bring in their culture and technology. For example, the performed of the new 3D technology from the US in 2009, it had helped to subjoin the revenue for Hong Kongs film industry. From a reputation of US Commercial Service (2010), said that the new 3D technology has helped grow Hong-Kongs misfortune office, it had gain US$151.9 million in 2009 which had grown 6.5 share from 2008. It shows the affect of the USs film industry to the Hong-Kong economy.Moreover, from the Financial Express (2002), it had stated that the India film industry could contribute around RS 50000 crore to their GDP. Bhushan (2010) had also stated that the film industry had contributed $1.5 billion to the Indian economy from 2008-2009. The Website Indiancinema. com (2008) has stated that filmmaking in India may be the best among all developing countries because other countries are more civilize in their technologies. Moreover, it also provided evidence1that the development of the film industry will support the economy.4.1.2 US UKNowadays, the US film industry could be considered the most successful, as it has produced such a high event of famous films. Also, the US film industry might have a higher work out for shooting films, because their financial resources are much more abundant compared to others. However, the US film industry was not comparable this at the beginning, and has undergone a number of development processes.The following shows the impact from film industry to UKs GDP in 2009 it had reinforced the fact that the film industry could affect the economy. slacken 1 Summery of Economic contribution of UK film industry 2009.(Source Oxford Economics)4.3 tourismThe incentive of tourism is one of the outstanding factors that the establishment should pay attention to. Tourism might increase in other countries because of the publics attraction to the films or stars it will create an incentive for the local economy. For example, the rise of tourism will also cause a rise in production, which may in turn raise the local economy.4.3.1 South AfricaMany scholars have agreed that the film industry might affect the economy by drawing in tourists attracted by the film. anatomy 1 shows the total arrivals and departures of foreigners in South Africa. both(prenominal) the arrivals and departures range are increasing each year, showing successful development. In archaean 1986, both rates increased at a lento tempo until 1990, after which they both had a sharp increase. During 1995 and 1997, both rates are growing unstably, showing slight fluctuation. Mongabay (2009) stated that Africas economy had been wrought over many centuries, and started getting better in 1994 because of their new political relation poli cies, which also improved the health of their economy and saw a egress in their GDP2. stick out 1 South Africa Total Arrivals/Departures of Foreigners.(Source EcoWin)4.3.2 America4.4 Labor Market Employment/UnemploymentThe employment rate might only be significant in the developed world, with no reverent correlativity in the third world. Refer to the Multiplier effect (Diagram 2), the exits of film industry will provide jobs for the local, and will induced jobs overseas in nobble be active. The example of a US film Blood Diamond shows that, although the film industry will induce jobs to South Africa this will only enforce patch the film is shooting. This only shows a small effect on the local economy, unlike the countries that have built their own film studios, like the US, and who will be available to provide long-term employment opportunities.Figure 2 US Full/Part time/Total Employment.(Source EcoWin)It is important to note that the national employment rate is not affected b y the film industry however, it will affect the local employment rate temporarily. This is because the employment rate will only be affected while the film is shooting, unless the country builds a film studio in order to apply long-term employment. In other words, the film industry will only have a certain amount of effect in the national labor market.4.4.1 South AfricaAs the film industry may bring in some job opportunities for local people, Figure 5 shows the comparison of total employment and unemployment from 2001 to 2009, while Figure 6 shows the unemployment rate in South Africa.Table 3 in Appendix 3 shows that while the unemployment rate in South Africa in 2006 is at its lowest, the employment also starts to rise.Figure 3 South Africa Total Employment/Unemployment.(Source EcoWin)Figure 4 South Africa Unemployment Rate.(Source EcoWin)The film industry will be able to affect the employment rate locally in the short run however, it will be impacting the income rate of the local people in the long term. As Figure 7 shows below, the income rate is increasing each year it started to grow faster in 1985, and rose sharply from 2000 to 2006. Relate this to Table 5 in Appendix 3, the income in 2004 is 141167, 156270 in 2005, rising to 193678.5 in 2006. It had increased by 37408.5 from 2005 to 2006, a sharp rise. Part of the reason for this might be that the film Blood Diamond was shooting during this period. It affected the local income gradually.Figure 5 South Africa Labour Income.(Source EcoWin)4.5 CulturalCulture will show the characteristic of a country and could represent a country in some cases. In the film industry, each country will have different interests in the type of film they produce. For instance, Indian movies will be more likely to contain song and dance but in the US they prefer more a more sophisticated approach. As the song and dance in the movie are already become a feature to Indian film, this is why people had called the Hindu cinema as B ollywood3.Nowadays, people will recognise Bollywood as producing Indian films and Hollywood as producing American films this could show the affect of culture. Sometime, the living habits of a country will be reflected in the movie.4.6 TechnologyThe improvement of technology will affect the production of the economy and will have the exponent to affect the national economy as well. Where filmmakers shoot films in other countries, they might bring in some new technology. Or technology will be improved through communicating and competing with other countries. For example Avatar4 in 3D was a novelty to many people around the world and attracted a wide audience, which resulted in high box office net income. US Commercial Service (2010), it has stated that gross revenue of Hong Kongs film industry is expected to expand in the coming days because of the opening of new multiplexes and 3D cinemas, and strong government supportIf this film had been released in some LDCs, it would have crea ted an awareness and interest of some new technologies amongst the locals, who may not have seen this kind of high technique film before. It would enable let the LDCs to gain knowledge and information by the inducement of technology, or they may decide to use the same techniques used in the film in their own productions. Furthermore, the exchange of technologies between countries will cause a technology spillover.4.7 Government Policy TaxWith regards to a government helping the film industry through tax relief, Wallack (2008) quoted a report by Massachusetts Film Office showing that when Walt Disney Pictures spent $50 million filming in Massachusetts in 2006, the company have nearly $10 million in credits from the state.The action of the government can affect the growth of the film industry, as shown in the example of tax relief. Moreover, it will be able to encourage local production. The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 included, amongst a myriad of other business tax breaks, a measure to benefit small movie production by allowing full write-off of production costs up to US$15m, at a presumed cost of US$336m. On the other hand, in the early 70s there were loopholes in the US tax system, which caused shooting to exceed budget, which had a negative effect on the economy.Chapter 5. ConclusionProduction, consumption and distribution are important in the film industry these may affect the profits that the country may earn. For instance, if a countrys production levels are high, it may increase their employment rates and distribution and may raise the reputation of the country, which might then increase investment from other countries.Every country will have to face developmental stages, which shows the improvement of each sector in the country. Take the film industry as an example not every country had cinemas from the very beginning but each started to develop as time went on. The development of the film industry might affect the economy because as people had more social time than working time in the past, they would tend to spend their time watching shows or performances.The increase of globalisation has made the film industry an internationalist commodity. The success of the film industry in Hollywood has always been an objective for most of the countries. However, terminal (1998) argued that there is evidence that the US is losing the comparative advantage in the international media market. This is because of the rise in competition nowadays most countries have their own productions in the film industry. But most of the film industries in the world were impacted by American filmmaking because it used the highest technology in this plain stitch during the films Golden Age.5.1 Implications of the StudyThe purpose of this study was to find out whether the film industry could affect a local economy. If it is a successful pathway, this sector could alert LDC governments to pay more attention to this.5.2 Limitations of the Researchnot m any scholars are pointing on the development of the film industry in a country. There is little data on this, therefore, which will impact the accuracy of this project. Moreover, problems relating to the primary research survey might affect the final result.5.3 Recommendations for Further ResearchThe film industry might be one of the sectors that the government should try to pay attention to. While it may not result in large increases to an economy, there are still benefits to be gained.Because of the word limit that applies to this project, it is not possible to cover in detail every question relating to this topic. Further research should firstly focus on whether the film could impact the income in developed countries, if yes, it may be a useful resource for LDCs. Secondly, is the level of development is important in determining, if film is going to affect the national consciousness. In addition, investigation should be made into the measures that could be uses to answer the ques tions of impact.

Study into the Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria

analyse into the Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria 2. METHODOLOGY2.1 DataThe Nigerian demographic well upness Surveys (NDHS) of 2013 supporting evidence and additional sources of data from published reports of NDHS 2013 see been utilize in this scan.Datasets for 2013 Nigerian DHS were downloaded undermentioned approval from measuredhs.com. Authorisation was obtained via registering with measuredhs.com, requesting permission to rehearse datasets. Permission to use data was granted via email. (Appendix I).Demographic Health surveys have been ongoing for everyplace 30 eld in over 90 countries with over 300 surveys aimed at fostering global knowledge of health and nation trends in developing countries.DHS surveys be nationally representative sept surveys in women aged 15-49 (and sometimes men aged 15-49) which yield internationally comparable data on health indicators in developing countries. Datasets produced from this surveys are owned by measuredhs.com as part of the projects implemented by large International, with its funding from USAID. In most countries the DHS surveys are conducted every five years providing retrospective estimates of four years including year of study, with large ingests from phratrys through vista to face interviews using standardised questionnaires designed to gather information on female genital cutting, maternal and child health, nutrition, HIV/AIDS, family planning, gender, malaria as well as the socio sparing and demographic characteristics. DHS surveys involve large samplesIn Nigeria, the internal Population Commission (NPC) representing the Federal Government of Nigeria, conducts the survey with technical service from Macro International. The purpose of this data dispassionate is to direct policy making, planning, supervise and evaluation of programmes.Two phases are gnarly First phase involves register of urban and rural areas in clusters based on national population distributions. Eligible households are selecte d using systematic taste, allowing for a large sample to achieve statistically significant results (Hajian-Tilaki, 2011). The second phase involves data assembly using the three standard DHS questionnaires (household, women and men questionnaires).In the Nigerian Demographic Health Survey 2013, data was collected over five months, faultless questionnaires were then edited, processed in CSPro computer package and all that was cleaned. This ensures true statement of information and confidentiality to participants. Data collected is standardized by weighting adjusting for over and under sampling to produce representative results (NDHS, 2013).The NDHS 2013 facilitates a comprehensive externalise of the current global trends on knowledge and prevalence of FGM among women and their daughters, suits of circumcision, age at circumcision, and attitudes toward the convention to be constructed.Prior to NDHS Surveys of 2013 there were subsequent surveys in 1999, 2003, 2008 which collecte d data on FGM. This surveys reported prevalence of FGM in Nigeria amongst women age 15 to 49 as shown in mesa belowTable 2.1 covering prevalence of FGM in Nigeria from NDHS surveys.The prevalence of FGM in Nigeria from 2003 to 2008 recorded an increase and this was partially from the use of a new definition for what constitutes as FGM and also differences in the data available for selecting the sample. Interviewers used in the northeast of Nigeria include local anesthetic forms of cutting and scraping of the vaginal walls in their definition of what constitutes FGM. The data bases for selecting the samples for the Nigeria DHS of 2003 and 2008 were comparatively different, hence that made the distribution of the samples by region variant. (Yoder et al 2013). In the 2013 NDHS, the definition of FGM explicitly followed the WHO definition of FGM.In dissecting trends linked with FGM in Nigeria, it is incredible that comparing prevalence of FGM using Nigeria DHS over years will indue v alid reasons for the trends over the years due to differences mentioned earlier (NDHS, 2013).2.2 VariablesThe drivers of FGM from previous studies place as mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities. The uncertains of intimacy in this study are those related to these drivers of FGM and are classified as social, cultural, frugal and geographical factors (WHO, 2014).For effective analyses some of the inconstants have been recoded. A full run of variables is attached in Appendix II.The knocked out(p)come or dependent variable considered in this analyses is FGM whether a woman had FGM or not.Other secondary outcomes of interest in this study is who performs FGM, perspectives and opinions on FGM were also examined (further categorized in table 2.1).The main independent variable in this study is maturate at time of survey which serves as an indicator of the birth cohort of the participant.The characterization variables of interest in this study- residence, region- in order to analyse subpopulation trends. Other variables included in this study religion, ethnicality, education and wealth. The variable wealth index, measures a household relative economic status. This is calculated by a process which recodes and pools in concert data on household assets such as fictional character of toilet, possession of durable goods, etc. to produce a continuous standardized scale.This variables although not exhaustive have been selected because of their association with culture, socio-economic status which have an impact on the FGM practice (WHO, 2014).The relationship examined in this study will use the pursual variablesTable 2.1 Definition and categorization of variables.*Types of FGM in table above (a) sign I and II flesh removed from genital area (b) type IV genital area nicked no flesh removed (c) type III genital area closed. WHO classification for FGM (WHO, 2014).**All major ethnic groups in Nigeria and FGM practicing groups of significance from NDHS 2013 survey.2.2 Data Analysis2.2. 1 Conceptual mannikin for analysing trends linked with FGM in Nigeria (WHO, 2014 NDHS Reports, 2013).The framework for analysis of trends linked with FGM will take in in to cognizance sociodemographic factors that can confound or mediate the practice of FGM in Nigeria. This factors are shown belowFigure 2.1 above showing abstract framework for analysis of FGM trends.2.4 Data AnalysisAll analyses in this study were computed using SPSS v.22. The Data was weighted and complex sampling procedures used to downplay errors from sampling techniques used in NDHS 2013, thus ensuring results are valid (IBM 2015). The sampling weight was used for all analysis. A major part of the analyses involved handling of data using syntax files, a programme of orders which automatically computes analysis and can be saved. Some programmes used for the analyses can be found in Appendix III.The following statistical analysis were carried out to ac hieve the aim and objectives of this study2.4.1 Descriptive AnalysisThe analysis examined the following areas public distribution of background characteristics of women age 15-49 frequency of background characteristicsGeneral Distribution of FGM related perspectives and opinions- frequencies of perspectives and opinions in the followingEver heard of FGMAge women had FGMPrevalence of FGM including typesWho performed FGMNumber of daughters with FGMBeliefs on FGM require by religionViews on if FGM practice should continue or stop.Trends of FGM prevalence including types of FGM serving of women with FGM and its relationship by background characteristics, percentage of types of FGM and its relationship by background characteristics.Trends of perspectives and opinions on FGM by background characteristics as listed above from b i, ii, iv, v, vi and vii.Trends of beliefs on FGM required by religion percentage of women with FGM by beliefs on FGM required by religionTrends on opinions of FG M practice should stop or continue percentage of women with FGM opinion on practice should stop or continueTrends of perspectives and opinions on FGM by age.Besides percentages and confidence intervals, chi-square test for trends are computed to get wind the statistical significance of these associations.2.4.2 Logistic turnaround analysisThe variables on women background characteristics and perspectives of FGM were fitted into reverting samples in order to determine the extent they predict the outcome i.e. having FGM (b) to ascertain if the practice is declining or increasing by birth cohorts.This form of analysis involves computing bivariate and variable analyses using the main outcome FGM as the dependent variable and the previous variables (i.e. background characteristics) as the independent variables.In the bivariate analysis all independent variables except region were fitted into the model to estimate the crude trends in having FGM. Region was exempted to minimise confoun ding.A multivariate analysis involved fitting the same variables into the model controlling for age, education, ethnicity, economic status (wealth), urban-rural residence, and religion. The aim is to ascertain the relative importance of each variable as a predictor of having FGM.The reference categories for each variable fitted into the regression model are age (15-19) education (no education), ethnic group (others), habitation (rural), religion (Islam), wealth index (richest).

Development of Intrusion Detection System Software

Development of Intrusion Detection System parcelINTRODUCTIONHeavy reliance on the meshing and worldwide conjoinivity has greatly increased that post be imposed by blasts plunged e trulywhere the profit a relieve cardinalselfst ar picturements. It is re whollyy difficult to prevent such on comings by the only design of credentials policies, zealw tout ensemble or other mechanism beca mechanism ashes and exercise parcel always contains un cognise weaknesses or umteen bugs. In addition, complex, a great deal unforeseen, interactions amidst softw atomic number 18 components and or electronic ne bothrk protocols be continu in solelyy exploited by aggressors. Successful polishs inevitably snuff it despite the best tribute precautions. in that localization principle for infringement describeion body has become an essential part of the form because they basis learn the fneediness catchers before they inflict widespread damage. few burn downes get a l ine dishonors in documentary time and can percentage point an advance in progress. Others set aside after-the- incident reading or so attacks and can patron repair damage, ensure the attack mechanism, and reduce the possibility of future attacks of the homogeneous type. More ripe usurpation signal staining agreements note never-before-seen, new-sprung(prenominal), attacks, while the to a greater extent typical brasss detect forwardly seen, cognize attacks 1. wantThe speed of growth of Internet is real fast without both remnant. With this growth the little terror of attacks is excessively increasing. Because as we every last(predicate) know that theft can be occurred over the Internet from all over the world. So we take on a dust which can detect the attack or theft before in that location is nigh passing game of schooling and reputation of organization or any individual. on that point be about solutions has been provided by the researchers an d from umteen companies alike firewall, usurpation signal detecting strategy and IPS to stop the attacks. But still it is very hard to detect the attacks like body politic and worm propagation before they widespread, because regularly thousands of attacks ar world fall ined and for a signature base invasion undercover work agreement it is very hard to detect these kinds of new attacks with perfect accuracy. Mostly onslaught undercover work ashes generates many monstrous alarms. These false alarms can equal the other processing of the entanglement.If somehow any assailant gets to know that in that location is an usurpation signal staining arranging in the network thusly, the assaulter leave alone want to disable the infringement contracting placement. His/her offset printing target allow for be the misdemeanor sleuthing remains of rules before fight the network. So there should be proper gage policies for deploying the IDS to take proper wa gess of it. vomit OBJECTIVESSecurity is the principal(prenominal) concern for any network. Every day thousands of attacks are created so that alarms and logs should be generated properly for reducing their effect. ravishment signal signal detection strategy and IPS are approximatelyly apply gismos for providing these kinds of solutions. But there are many issues like performance and accuracy. So the main objective of the project is to develop a signature ground infraction detection system for stir of matter attacks with better scalability and performance i.e. misdemeanour detection system with minimum false alarms and with better throughput. In this study the example of transmission control protocol SYN flood attack will be taken for implementing and evaluating the performance and scalability of the developed onset detection system.Second Objective of this study is to discuss the policies for implementing the incursion detection system securely. And these policies s hall to a fault be evaluated.Intrusion detection systemintrusion detection systems (IDS) are software or hardware systems that automate the process of monitor the events occurring in a computer system or network, analyzing them for signs of security problems. As network attacks have increased in number and severity over the past few years, intrusion detection systems have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of well-nigh organizations 2, 48. There are many disparate types of intrusion detection system and they can be characterized by some(prenominal)(predicate) monitoring and analysis approaches. Each approach has antithetic advantages and disadvantages. All approaches can be described in terms of generic process model for intrusion detection systems. to a greater extent intrusion detection systems can be described in terms of three primaeval functional components information source, analysis, and response 2.OVERVIEWChapter 1 In this chapter we will wil l a brief introduction of whole project, what is the motivation for selecting this project. What are the main objectives of this project? And what is the main problem which will be considered in this project.Chapter 2 is all virtually the literature review. In this chapter many different aspects of the intrusion detection system will be discussed like why we require intrusion detection system, different type of intrusion detection system, take for intrusion detection system, about attacks different types of attacks and many other different facts about intrusion detection system which can help to remediate the knowledge about intrusion detection system.Chapter 3 will reduce on the analysis and designing part of the intrusion detection system. How a computer system can be designed. What s the system engineering and different types models will be discussed.CHAPTER 2 take up FOR misdemeanor sleuthing governanceInternet is carrying more than traffic than ever before and still gro wing in the size of it without any end. along with the explosive growth comes an increased threat from Internet related attacks. The Internet allows theft to occur from anywhere of the world 14.Many threats impact on the operation of your computer network. Natural threats such as flood fire and tornadoes, causes unexpected disruptions. Most companies have well-defined procedure to accost these innate(p) attacks. Security procedures designed to combat hacker attacks, an unsecured network will definitely be attacked. The only question is when the attack will occur 14.COMPUTER fall uponS AND VULRANABILITIESintrusion detection systems have been adopted by many organizations because the organizations know that intrusion detection systems are necessary component of the security architectures. But still intrusion detection system is not to a fault oftentimes popular, most organizations lack experienced intrusion detection system operators. intrusion detection system can be most tren chant if the human work ons it. But before developing a signature based intrusion detection system the knowledge of the attacks is must. Signatures is a set of rules that demodulator uses to detect typical intrusive activities. These rules are based on various criteria i.e. IP protocol parameters, transport protocol parameter and packet entropy 12.THE PHASES OF THE ATTACKSAttack can be divided into three different phases. The first phase is defining the culture for attack. The second phase is the reconnaissance attack, also cognise as the information acquireing. After collecting the information the assaulter proceed to the third phase, the attacking phase 12.FIRST PHASE GOALS OF ATTACKBefore attacking a network or system, an assaulter sets her goals or objectives. When attacking network the attacker can have various goals information manipulationSystem rileElevated franchisesDenying availability of the network resourcefulnesssMOTIVATIONRevengePolitical activismFinancial gainAttackers exploit to disrupt network to discredit the particular organizations image 12.RECONNAISSANCE in the lead THE ATTACKCollecting the information is the attackers second dance step in launching an attack against the network. Successful reconnaissance is also serious for successful attack. Attackers use two main mechanisms to collect the information about the network.Public data sourceScanning and probingAn attacker sometime starts his knowledge search by examining public information available about company. By employ these kind of information the attacker can read that where the business is positd, the business partners, the survey of the company assets and much more.And through scanning, the attackers use remote reconnaissance to happen specific resource on the network.The goal of the information gathering is to pinpoint weak points on the network where an attack is likely to succeed. By pinpointing specific weakness on the network, the attacker can launch an at tack in the future that generates minimal traffic or noise on the network. This greatly reduces the likelihood of detection during the actual attack 12. For example ping sweep, vertical scan, horizontal attack, DNS query, block scan and many more.THE ACTUAL ATTACKAfter an attacker maps the network, he researches known vulnerabilities for the system that he detected. The attackers goal at this stage is to gain access to resources of the network i.e.Unauthorized data manipulation, system access, or privilege escalation.ATTACK METHODOLOGYRegardless of the motivation or personal preferences, an attacker has several(prenominal) attack methodologies from which to choose 12Ad hoc (random)MethodologicalSurgical go down (lightning speedily)Patient (slow)AD HOC (Random)An ad hoc attack methodology is unstructured. An attacker using this methodology is usually disorganized and those types of attacks frequently fail. It is difficult to comprehensively locate targets on the network.METHODOLOGI CALIt provides a well-defined sequence of step to attack a network. First, the attackers use the reconnaissance to locate the targets. Next the attacker locates the exploits for known vulnerability on the target. Finally when he satisfies with his toolkit he starts attacking system on the target network.SURGICAL STRIKE (Lightning Quick)Many times the attacker uses an automated script against a network. The entire attack is completed in a few seconds. Before the system decision maker or security analysts have time to react and make any decision.PATIENT (Slow)It refers to how quickly the attacker executes his attacks. normally the one uses a patient (slow) methodology to distract detection. Many intrusion detection systems have difficulty detecting attacks that occurs over long period of time.BACK DOORSViruses and worms provide a vehicle for an attacker to wreak havoc on your network and potentially the Internet. However, the spread of viruses and worms is much harder to determine in advance. Viruses and worms are much harder to determine in advance. fifth column horse program enables an attacker to establish back door on systems. However Trojan horse requires some type of transport vehicle 12.DENIAL OF SERVICE TECHNIQUESThe purpose of DoS attacks is to deny legitimate access to the network resources. These attacks include everything from simple one-line commands to sophisticated programs written by erudite hackers. There are different types of DoS attacks some of them are-Network resource overloadHost resource starvationOut-of-band attacksDistributed attacks meshing RESOURCE constipate one and only(a) universal way to deny the network access is by overloading a universalalty resource necessary for network components to operate. The main common resource that can be attacked in the network bandwidth in several ways generating lots of traffic, distributing the attack across numerous hosts, and using a protocol flaws that amplifies the attack by soliciting help from many different hosts on the target 12.Example- Smurf and Fraggle attack.HOST RESOURCE STARVATIONThe resources available at the hosts are also known as the attack point as well. One such resource is the buffer that a host uses to track TCP connections.OUT-OF-BOUNDS ATTACKSThe first out-of-bounds attack category uses over-sized packet, it overflows the allocated buffer and causes the system crash. An over-sized packet attack is ping of death.DISTRIBUTED ATTACKSThe latest trend in DoS attacks is for an attacker to compromise numerous hosts and then use all these compromised hosts to provide a massive against a specific target. These types of attacks are known as the distributed vindication of do attack (DDoS).DISTRIBUTION EFFECTTo disrupt the victims colloquy very mentally illly, the attacker must compromise an gene machine that has more network resources than the victim. Locating and breaking into such a machine whitethorn prove difficult, if the target of the attack i s well-provisioned site 16.Distribution brings number of benefits to the attackersBy using distribution techniques, the attacker can multiply the resources on the attacking end, allowing him to deny service to more powerful machines at the target end 16.To stop a simple DoS attack from a wiz agent, a defender needs to identify that agent and take some action that prevents it from sending such a large volume of traffic. In many cases, the attack from a machine can be halt only if the machines human administrator, or network operator, takes action. If there are thousands agents participating in the attack, however, tenia any single one of them may provide little benefit to the victim. Only by stopping most or all of them can the DoS effect be palliated 16.If the attacker choose agents that are spread widely throughout the Internet, attempts to stop the attack are more difficult, since the only point at which all of the attack traffic merges is close to the victim. This point is cal led aggregation point. Other nodes in the network qualification experience no telltale signs of the attack and great power have difficulty distinguishing the attack traffic from legitimate traffic 16.In DoS attack penalize from a single agent, the victim might be able to recover by obtaining more resources. For example, an overwhelmed Web master of ceremonies might be able to recruit other local servers to help handle the extra load. Regardless of how powerful a single agent might be, the defender can add more capacity until he outstrips the attackers ability to generate load. This approach is less powerful in defending against DDoS attacks. If the defender doubles his resources to handle twice as many requests, the attacker merely needs to double the number of agents- often an easy task 16.TCP-SYN ATTACKThe SYN-flooding attack is a Distributed denial-of-service method strike hosts that run TCP server processes. The attack take benefit of the state retention TCP performs for s ome time after receiving a SYN department to a port that has been put into the listen state. The basic idea is to engage this carriage by causing a host to retain becoming state for bogus half-connections that there are no resources to establish new genuine connections 51, 52.A TCP implementation may allocate to see state to be entered with either all, some, or none of the pair of IP addresses and port numbers specified by the application. In many common applications like web servers, none of the remote hosts information is pre known or preconfigured, so that a connection can be established with any client whose details are unidentified to the server ahead of time. This type of unbound LISTEN is the goal of SYN flooding attacks collectible to the way it is typically implemented by operating systems 51, 52.For success, 51, 52 the SYN flooding attack relies on the victim host TCP implementations behavior. In particular, it assumes that the victim allocates state for every TCP SY N segment when it is received and that there is perimeter on the amount of such state than can be kept at any time.The 51, 52 SYN flooding attack does not attempt to overload the networks recourses or the end host memory, but merely attempts to pound the backlog of half-open connections associated with the port number. The goal is to send a quick assault of SYN segments from IP addresses (often spoofed) that will not generate replies to the SYN-ACKs that are produced. By redeeming the backlog full of bogus half-opened connections, legitimate requests will be rejected. third important attack parameters for success are the size of the barrage, the frequency with which barrages2 are generated, and the means of the selecting IP addresses to spoof.Usually, 51, 52 systems implements a parameter to the typical listen () system calls that allows the application to suggest a value for this limit, called the backlog.1 To be effective, the size of the barrage must be made large enough to clench the backlog. Ideally, the barrage size is no larger than the backlog, minimizing the volume of the traffic the attacker must source. Typical default backlog values vary from half-dozen to several dozen, so the attack might be tailored to the particular value determined by the victim host and application. On machines intended to be servers, especially for a high volume of the traffic, the backlogs are often administratively configured to higher.Another aspect makes both DoS and DDoS attacks hard to handle Defenses that work well against many other kinds of attacks are not needfully effective against denial of service. For years, system administrators have been advised to install a firewall and keep its configuration up to date, to close unnecessary ports on all machines, to stay current with patches of operating systems and other important software, and to run intrusion detection system to discover any attacks that have managed to penetrate the outback(a) bastions of defens e 16.Unfortunately, these security measures often will not help against denial of service. The attack can consist of traffic that the firewall comes acceptable. intrusion detection systems are of limited value in dealing with DoS, since, unlike break-ins and thefts, DoS attacks seldom hide themselves 16.WHAT IS INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM?intrusion detection systems gather information from a computer or network of computers and attempt to detect intruders or system abuse. Generally, an intrusion detection system will give notice (of) a human analyst of a possible intrusion and take no further action, but some newer systems take active steps to stop an intruder at the time of detection 4.The goal of intrusion detection is seemingly simple to detect intrusions. However, the task is difficult, and in fact intrusion detection systems do not detect intrusions at allthey only identify express of intrusions, either while theyre in progress or after the fact. Such evidence is sometimes re ferred to as an attacks manifestation. If there is no manifestation, if the manifestation lacks sufficient information, or if the information it contains is untrustworthy, then the system cannot detect the intrusion 5.intrusion detection systems are assort into two general types known as signature based and heuristic program based. Pfleeger and Pfleeger describe signature-based systems as pattern-matching systems that detect threats based on the signature of the attack matching a known pattern. Heuristic based systems, which are alike with unusual person-based systems, detect attacks through deviations from a model of normal behavior 6.intrusion detection systems that operate on a single workstation are known as host intrusion detection system (HIDS), while those that operate as stand-alone devices on a network are known as NIDS. HIDS monitor traffic on its host machine by utilizing the resources of its host to detect attacks. NIDS operate as a stand-alone device that monitors t raffic on the network to detect attacks. NIDS come in two general forms signature based NIDS and heuristic based NIDS 7.PROCESS assume FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMintrusion detection systems can be described in terms of three fundamental functional components 2, 48 training Sources the different sources of event information used to determine whether an intrusion has taken place. These sources can be drawn from different levels of the system, with network, host, and application monitoring most common.Analysis the part of intrusion detection systems that actually organizes and makes sense of the events derived from the information sources, deciding when those events indicate that intrusions are occurring or have already taken place. The most common analysis approaches are misuse detection based (signature based) and anomaly detection.Response the set of actions that system takes once it detects intrusions. These are typically assemblyed into active and passive measures, with activ e measures involving some automated interjection on the part of the system, and passive measures involving reporting intrusion detection system findings to humans, who are then expected to take action based on those reports.INFORMATION SOURCEThe most common way to classify intrusion detection system is to group them by information source. Some intrusion detection systems analyze network packets, captured from network backbones or LAN segments, to find attackers 2. It can be describe by dividing three different parts.NETWORK BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMNIDS are intrusion detection systems that capture data packets traveling on the network media (cables, wireless) and match them to a database of signatures. Depending upon whether a packet is matched with an intruder signature, an alert is generated or the packet is logged to a bear down or database 8, 48.Network-based intrusion detection systems often consist of a set of single-purpose sensors or hosts placed at various points in a network. These units monitor network traffic, performing local analysis of that traffic and reporting attacks to a central management console. As the sensors are limited to outpouring the intrusion detection system, they can be more easily secured against attack. Many of these sensors are designed to run in stealth mode, in sound out to make it more difficult for an attacker to determine their presence and location 2, 48.HOST INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMor HIDSHost-based intrusion detection systems or HIDS are installed as agents on a host. These intrusion detection systems can look into system and application log files to detect any intruder practise. Some of these systems are reactive, meaning that they inform you only when something has happened. Some HIDS are proactive they can sniff the network traffic coming to a particular host on which the HIDS is installed and alert you in real time 8, 48.These types of intrusion detection systems run on host to grass inappropriate a ctivities on these hosts. The HIDSs are used for detecting the attacks from the inside and outside network. They provide snap shot about the existing system files and connect them to the previous. If the important system files were modified or deleted, the warning is sent to the administrator for inspection. The HIDS example is notice able on the machines with noteworthy task these machines do not expect the change of their configuration 9, 48.APPLICATION-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMApplication-based intrusion detection systems are a special subset of host-based intrusion detection systems that analyze the events transpiring within a software application. The most common information sources used by application-based intrusion detection systems are the applications transaction log files. The ability to interface with the application directly, with significant domain or application-specific knowledge included in the analysis engine, allows application-based intrusion detection sy stems to detect suspicious behavior due to authorized users prodigious their authorization. This is because such problems are more likely to appear in the interaction between the user, the data, and the application 2, 48.INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM ANALYSISThere are two primary approaches to analyzing events to detect attacks misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection in which the analysis targets something known to be bad, is the technique used by most commercial systems. anomalousness detection, in which the analysis looks for abnormal patterns of activity, has been, and continues to be, the subject of a great deal of research. Anomaly detection is used in limited form by a number of intrusion detection systems. There are strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach, and it appears that the most effective intrusion detection systems use mostly misuse detection methods with a smattering of anomaly detection components 2, 48.ANOMALY BASED DETECTIONAnomaly det ection uses models of the intended behavior of users and applications, interpreting deviations from this normal behavior as a problem.A basic assumption of anomaly detection is that attacks differ from normal behavior. For example, we can model certain users daily activity (type and amount) quite precisely. Suppose a particular user typically logs in around 10 Am., reads mail, performs database transactions, takes a break between noon and 1 Pm., has very few file access errors, and so on. If the system notices that this same user logs in at 3 Am., starts using compilers and debugging tools, and has numerous file access errors, it will flag this activity as suspicious.The main advantage of anomaly detection systems is that they can detect previously unknown attacks. By defining whats normal, they can identify any violation, whether it is part of the threat model or not. In actual systems, however, the advantage of detecting previously unknown attacks is paid for in terms of high fals e- unequivocal rates. Anomaly detection systems are also difficult to train in highly moral force environments 5.MISUSE DETECTIONMisuse detection systems essentially define whats wrong. They contain attack descriptions (or signatures) and match them against the audit data stream, looking for evidence of known attacks. One such attack, for example, would occur if someone created a symbolic link to a UNIX systems password file and executed a privileged application that accesses the symbolic link. In this example, the attack exploits the lack of file access checks 5, 10.The main advantage of misuse-based systems is that they usually produce very few false positives attack description languages usually allow for casting of attacks at such fine level of detail that only a few legitimate activities match an entry in the knowledge base.However, this approach has drawbacks as well. First of all, populating the knowledge base is a difficult, resource intensifier task. Furthermore, misuse based systems cannot detect previously unknown attacks, or, at most, they can detect only new variations of previously modeled attacks. Therefore, it is essential to keep the knowledge base up-to-date when new vulnerabilities and attack techniques are discovered. send off 2 shows how the misuse detection based intrusion detection system works is 11.RESPONSE OPTION FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM once intrusion detection systems have obtained event information and analyzed it to find symptoms of attacks, they generate responses. Some of these responses involve reporting results and findings to a pre-specified location. Others involve more active automated responses. Though researchers are tempted to underrate the importance of solid response functions in intrusion detection systems, they are actually very important. Commercial intrusion detection systems support a wide range of response options, often categorized as active responses, passive responses, or some mixture of the two 2.I MPORTANCE OF THE INTRUTION DETECTION SYSTEMUsually we place a burglar alarm on the doors and windows of our home. We are installing an intrusion detection system (intrusion detection system) for our house. The intrusion detection systems used to protect our computer network operate in similar fashion. An intrusion detection system is a software and possibly hardware that detects attacks against our network. They detect intrusive activities that enter into our network. We can locate intrusive activity by examining network traffic, host logs, system calls, and other areas that signal an attack against our network 14.There are different benefits that an intrusion detection system provides. in any case detecting attacks, most intrusion detection systems also provide some type of response to the attacks, such as resetting TCP connections 14.DESIRABLE CHARACTERSTICS OF INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMThere are different characteristics for an exaltation intrusion detection system, which are l isted below many referencesAn ideal intrusion detection system must run with minimum human supervision.An ideal intrusion detection system must be easy to deploy.An ideal intrusion detection system must be able to detect attacksintrusion detection system must not produce false negative alarms.intrusion detection system must not produce false positive alarms.intrusion detection system must report intrusion as soon as possible after the attacks occur.intrusion detection system must be general enough to detect different types of attacks.An ideal intrusion detection system must be fault unbigoted it must be able to recover from crashes and must restore previous state, either accidental or caused by malicious activities.An ideal intrusion detection system must impose minimal overhead on the system.An ideal intrusion detection system must be configurable to implement the securities policies of the system.THE PERIMETER MODEL AND DoSThe perimeter model is an architecture usually used by t odays organizations to protect critical infrastructures. This security model divides network architectures into two distinct groups trusted and entrusted. The trusted group is often the finite internal infrastructure, whilst the entrusted group consists of infinite external networks. In this model two types of devices are used firewall to control the traffic introduction and leaving the trusted domain, and intrusion detection system to detect misbehaviour of trust with in the trusted area boundary 18.WHERE IDS SHOULD BE fit(p) IN NETWORK TOPOLOGYDepending upon network topology, the intrusion detection system can be positioned one or more places. Its also depends upon what type of intrusion activities should be detected internet external or both. For example if the external intrusion activities should be detected, and only one router is affiliated to the internet, the best place for an intrusion detection system may be just inside the router or firewall. If there are many differe nt paths to the internet, then the intrusion detection system should be placed at every entry point. However, if the internal attacks should be detected then the intrusion detection system should be placed in every network segment 2. Placement of the intrusion detection system really depends upon security policies 3 8.Note that more intrusion detection systems mean more work and more maintenance costs.Which defines that what should be protected from the hackers 8?IDS AGAINST DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACKS (DoS)The goal of a DoS attack is to disrupt some legitimate activity, such as browsing, web pages, an on line radio and many more. The denial of service is achieved by sending message to the target that interferes with its operation and makes it hang, crash, reboot or do useless work 16.A denial-of-service attack is different in goal, form, and effect than most

Reality Television Love?What are These Contestants Thinking?! :: essays research papers fc

Reality Television LoveWhat are These Contestants idea?Marriage, its supposed to be a once in a livenesstime make upt right? The answer to that is surprisingly no instantly it seems that the media pokes fun of this wonderful occasion in the ever so customary reality T.V. show conjoins. They are everywhere today. galore(postnominal) of these marriages dont last much coherenter than the show was aired anyway. The contestant chooses a lifetime partner from a group of twenty or so other contestants to miraculously fall in love with. But quite a little this be true love? Marriage should not be rush in this way, because it usually comes along in a normal life unbendingting. What are these television savvy people thinking? I do not believe that the media should use the sacred act of marriage as entertainment, people on these shows are look for love for the wrong reasons, decouple rates today are through the roof, and generally all the contestants rightfully want is to get thei r face out there, to become famous.Many times these people arent even sure what they are looking for or even what they are doing on such a show. On programs such as The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire, and Married by America the contestants are set out to search for their one true love. But how do they sock if one of these lucky men or women is right for them? The answer is punishing to tell. The show, even though aired for weeks at a time, isnt even as long as it appears. Each episode is different geezerhood put into one episode and it is hard to tell simply how long they really have been there. In all reality the contestants are single acquainted for about a months time and BAM, they are up at the alter secerning their I Dos, in their to-die-for wedding apparel. I dont know about you but I have defiantly gone through life with a work over or two for about a month that I panorama at the time I could marry and be with forever, but later a while I thought to myself, what was I thi nking This is exactly how many of these couples feel soon after their wedding. Then out of nowhere there is yet another divorce. Some may disagree and say that there have been many love stories with happy endings that were very close and sudden, and they have turned out fine.

The Life and Works of Ezra Jack Keats Essay example -- Literary Analys

After a four week survey of a muckle of childrens have got authors and illustrators, and learning to analyze their works and the methods used to provoke them effective literary pieces for children, it is certainly appropriate to apply these new skills to judge a single authors works. Specifically, this paper focuses on the keep and works of Ezra Jack Keats, a writer and illustrator of books for children who single handedly expanded the load of view of the genre to include the experiences of multicultural children with his Caldecott Award winning book Snowy Day. The creation of Peter as a character is design breaking in and of itself, but after reading the text the lector is driven to wonder why Peter was created. Was he a fomite for political commentary as some efficiency suggest or was he simply another childhood that had until that time, been ignored? If so, what inspired him to tend in this direction? Born in March of 1916 as Jacob (Jack) Ezra Katz, he was the third chi ld to Benjamin and Augusta Katz. His parents were both Polish immigrants of Judaic descent and they raised him in East sensitive York, the predominantly Jewish section of Brooklyn. As immigrants they were plagued with financial difficulties and this was further aggravated when they struggled through the Depression. notwithstanding all of these hardships, Keats had already begun to showcase his artistic abilities. At the age of octad he was hired to paint the sign of a local store. Naturally, his develop was quite proud of him when he earned twenty-five cents for his work and hoped that this might endeavor might lead to a steady career as a sign painter. Unfortunately for him, Keats was smitten with Fine humanities and won his first award in Junior High groom a medal for ... ...undeniable. Works CitedGerard J.Keats, Ezra Jack. Goggles New York Puffin Books, 1969.Keats, Ezra Jack, and Cherr, Pat. My Dog is doomed New York Crowell, 1960.Keats, Ezra Jack. Peters Chair. New York Viking, 1967.Keats, Ezra Jack. Skates New York Watts, 1973Keats, Ezra Jack. The Snowy Day. New York Viking, 1962.Senick, Gerard J., and Hedblad, Alan. Childrens belles-lettres Review Excerpts from Reviews, and Commentary on Books for Children and Young nation (Volumes 14, 34, 35). Detroit, Michigan Gale Research, 1995..Ezra Jack Keats A Virtual Exhibit. The University of Southern Mississippi De Grummond Childrens Literature Collection. Web. 19 July 2010. .Http//www.ezra-jack-keats.org/. Ezra Jack Keats Foundation. Web. 19 July 2010. .