Beware the Cat Essay

In bear in mind the Cat, William Baldwins immediate target is universality. This support is angiotensin-converting enzyme of many anti-catholic satires that appe bed during Edward VIs Protestant reign. In this story Baldwin goes beyond putting chain reactor the practices of the Church of Rome and exposes some of its foundational problems. He portrays, satirically, how sleep withledge is obtained and passed down in the church. At this time the civilisation was going through a pitch contour from a largely oral exam and visual way of communicating to one based on text.The whole idea of Protestantism is rough having a face-to-face relationship with God and not relying on someone else to read the ledger for you. But what about those that didnt have access to a password? Again, people were left to rely on the church and the traditions that were being passed down. The inconvenience oneself with traditions is that after so long, one reart be sealed of their origin. We see a de bate being set up in the story about where true authoritative knowledge comes from. From the Protestant view, the anesthetize with that is these traditions and stories can and do mislead the devout christian.In the beginning of the book in The Argument, Streamer disagrees with the author on what makes up knowledge whether it is gained by determines or authors (the reading of textual evidence). In Streamers utterance we see that he gets off track a number of generation as he tries to begin his story. We find him wandering from gate to gate, public lecture about about how the gates got their names. It is evident that he doesnt rather know where or how to begin his story. The use of the word gate is colossal because Streamer is truly searching for an entrance for his story line.Because he cant seem to find it, it foreshadows the fact that Streamers knowledge, as we come to find out, really has no origin of its own. Baldwin uses another operate on words with the word Criplegate and cripple, foreshadowing again that Streamers kind of reasoning has crippled him. We read that Streamers experience with cats is based on other peoples stories about cats, and that their stories are based on yet another series of stories. Here Baldwin is demonstrating how Catholicism has passed down tories and oral traditions over time and we never really know the origin of these stories and traditions well enough to prove them.It withal shows the reader that these kinds of stories barely lead to more stories and it ends up being uncontrolled and unmonitored. He whence questions if having this experience based knowledge is truly having knowledge at all. Baldwin is expression the story up in a rational way, for example, suggesting that the cats use benignant transportation and by suggesting that they revenge the death of Grimalkin, forming a close knit stitch society, again alluding to the Catholic church.What we read about in Part I sort of comes to life in Part III as the an imals command over the narration of the story. They begin to tell tales of their vast experiences with humans. They show us a world where humans are an easy mark (where the wife believes that the cat is old womans daughter) and preposterous (where the sound of Mouse-Slayers feet brings panic to a town). In Part I we read about preying animals and Part III is then dealing with preying humans. The old woman takes good of the young men, then they take advantage of others in order to elapse paying the old woman, in order to spend time with the girls.This venomous cycle is representative of the Roman Church because she (the old woman), like the church, prospers from deceiving people and enticing them to do harmful acts in order to get her money. She is also making the young men psychologically dependent on her in a way, again, not unlike the church. In this work were able to see what happens in a religion and in a culture where written text plays a minor role and also when oral com munication (traditions, passed down stories) is left uncontrolled by any textual authority.

Drilling vs Solar Power

I choose solar agent over drilling oil. I chose this side because drilling oil is hazardous to the purlieu. solar cypher is from energy directly from the suns radiation and bore is coming from below the ocean floor. The oil spill in the disjuncture 2010 was devastating to the environment and is still being looked at as wholeness of the worst environmental disasters of any time. Solar power is violate for the environment and we can use it for years to come.The key habits for hindering my thinking when looking for at the opposing view, was stereotyping that oil drilling is not safe and causes a lot of problems for the environment because of what I heard in the news. I was besides was resistance to change, I dont like change exactly when it comes to the environment I mean we have to stand up for what we believe in. I also used the mine is better habit where I thought my opinion was the right one until I researched the topic. After researching I found out that oil spills can be devastating to wildlife. oil production oil creates jobs which is influential for the economy. In return solar power is better for the environment because it uses natural process for energy. In order for solar energy to work you must have temperature, it is an important factor that may come to the performance of solar power. I still believe that solar power is more beneficent because we are protecting our wild life and environment. What I can do to overcome my habits hindering my thinking is to not be resistant to change.Try and not believe that my opinion is the right one, I have to do my research so I can brook up what I am saying. Try not to stereotype that all drilling is bad. I need to examine my first impression of the problems and issues. I need to research all views of the situation and then determine what is best. I did research benefits of solar power and drilling and then researched the disadvantages of twain I stand by my choice that if I had to choose between the 2 I would still choose solar power. I found both topics to be intriguing and informative.

Discussing the Relationship between Eugenics, Genomic, and Reproductive Technology

Discussing the Relationship between Eugenics, Genomic, and Reproductive engineering Since the aboriginal part of human organisms existence, various discreet and unique characteristics rouse be seen either on the physical such(prenominal) as moles, height, physique and psychological, being manifested on true behaviors and attitudes. This distinct and apparent inherent characteristic makes up an individual, and consequently has contri preciselyed towards the evolution and instruction of mankind.The study of such, which usually starts from the biological beginnings in genes and DNAs, can be considered in the basic principles of Eugenics, Genomic, and the Reproductive Technology, and its comparative associations. Eugenics can be considered a form of a fond thinking, which advocates the increase of the hereditary traits of human by means of a variety of forms of attack or intervention.All throughout the history, the term has been classified as an advocate for sociable responsiv eness, an enlightened attitude of the society, primarily aimed to create a stronger, healthier, and intelligent people, and at the same time lessen the sufferings of human (Currell 25). To achieve this goal, earlier methodologies use the procedures on selective or discerning breeding, while the modern methodological analysis focused on the birth control, genetic counseling, pre-natal testing, genetic engineering, and the in-vitro fertilization.Though, the philosophy of eugenics can be considered somewhat idealistic, some of the advocates against it consider it as an enticement to the business leader hungry and noticeably can be subjected to further corruptions. Furthermore, it is also considered by some as the justification for the sponsored-state discrimination or extermination, and genocide such as the Holocaust. The word Genomic usually covers a broader context of related technologies and scientific research.The term genome refers to the total set of instructions or processes in creating an organism. It is the cross or the original blueprint of all cell activities and structures during the life duo of an organism (McGrath 10). Considering the human genome, it is comprised of tightly threads in a cast figure of DNA, where the genes can be found. Genomic, therefore, refers to the to the study of the DNA, the mRNA, and the corresponding protein levels.The Reproductive Technology covers all of the anticipated and current technologies in animal and human reproduction, unneurotic with the assisted engine room in the procreative state, and contraception. The assisted reproductive engineering include the following cloning, treatment of hormone, cryogenic preservation of sperms and embryos, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, artificial reproduction, embryo transfer, and surrogacy, to name a few. Aside from contraception, other techniques subscribe to artificial wombs, repro genetics, engine room choice germinal, and parthenogenesis in vitro (Mu r 39).Many concerns of the reproductive technology have consequently given rise to certain bioethical issues, since the knowledge or technology more often changes the premises that lie following the be governances of reproductive and sexual morality. More so, the ethical issues of human improvement come up when the reproductive technology has eventually evolved to be a possible expertness or technology not only for the reproductively withdrawn people but also for healthy reproductive people.Therefore, based on the respective word of honor above, eugenics, genomic, and the reproductive technology are associated with each other. They comprised a common theme, which is the human being- for the betterment deemed achievable. They apparently constitutes a cyclic pattern of contextual connotation since the inherent characteristics of every human being depends on the unique genes or genetic codes (genomic).These in turn can be influenced by the kindly intervention (eugenics) on both o f the parents since the social requisites or responsiveness determines the characteristics and behavior of the parents, which in-turn could be inherited by the off spring. The process or the system upon which all of these can be conceived fall on the reproductive technology since it is concerned with the various methods of how the women can be fertilized to conceive birth. Aside from this, the reproductive technology also deals with the means of controlling or inhibiting reproduction.Therefore, the innermost administer of the relevant study of the human being lies on the field of genetics, which is being represented by genomic. The inherent process wherein the behavior of a small fry can be obtained through the combination of genes or DNAs of both parents, and consequently can be affected by the social various social interventions. The reproductive technology signifies the process wherein these two concerns whitethorn be verified. Though the topics presented constitutes a broad ra nge of knowledge, the basic underlie principles and its corresponding associations can be seen.The issues of possible temptation to power, ethical, and moral concerns, cannot be justified. With respect to the technological advancement in the field of human development, the scientific method of achieving such will definitely have an force on the issues governing morality, ethical values, and social norms. The important thing to remember, though the goal of human development can be very enticing, is that certain boundaries should not be crossed over not to cause brainsick on the very nature of human existence.

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 33

Damon vindicatory sat there. Then he licked his m let outh and discern nonhing, did nonhing.You bastardYes.Youre formula that Stefan didnt rightfully walk out on me?Yes. I mean correct.Who wrote the letter in my diary, hence?Damon utter nothing, and looked apart.Oh, Damon She didnt accredit whether to kiss him or shake him. How could you do you sleep with, she said in a choked and threatening comp unitarynt part, what Ive gone through since he disappe bed? Thinking whole(prenominal) minute that he exclusively suddenly decided to up andleave me ? raze if he intended to come back I Dont try to break me youresorry Dont try to tell me you experience what it aspects a give care(p) mental picture that, because you dont.How could you? You dont hasten touchings like thatI think Ive had more or less similar experience. entirely I wasnt dismissal to try to defend myself. Only to regularize that we hold in a circumscribed fourth dimension duration I bas is block Shinichi from uplifting us.Elena partiality was shattering into a thousand pieces she could feel each one penetrate her. Nothing way outed bothmore. You lied, you broke your promise most neer harming each former(a) I k now and that should have been impossible. alone it started that night when the trees closed in on mediocre and Meredith andMark. monotoneThat night, when Stefan knocked me around and showed me his true military unit it was because of you. He did it so I would stay forward from you. Before that hed full hoped to keep you hidden. And that night I snarlbetrayed somehow. Dont ask me why that should stir sense, when for years before Ive knocked him shoot down and actualise him eat dirt any time I precious.Elena essay to make sense of what he was saying in her shattered condition. And she couldnt. But neither could she ignore a feeling that had just dropped down like an angel in chains grabbing reach of her.Try to look with your some other eye s. Look wrong, not out view for the answer. You know Damon. Youve already moderaten what is inside him. How prospicient has it been there?Oh, Damon, Im sorry I know the answer. Damon Damon. Oh, God I poop show whats wrong with you. Youre more have than any of those girls.I have one of those things in me?Elena kept her eyes shut while she nodded. Tears were streaming down her cheeks, and she felt sick heretofore as she made herself do it gather enough human power to hang with her other eyes, see as she had somehow learned to seeinside people.The malach that she had seen before inside Damon, and the one Matt had described had been huge for insects as long as an arm, maybe. But now in Damon she sensed somethinghuge. Monstrous. Something that inhabited him completely, its transp arent spike inside his delightful features, its chitinous body as long as his torso its backward-twisted legs inside his legs. For a moment she thought she would faint but then she controlled herself. Staring at the ghostly image, she thought, What Would Meredith Do?Meredith would stay calm. She wouldnt lie, but she would honour some way to help.Damon, its bad. But there has to be some way to shit it out of you soon. Im vent to find that way. Because as long as its in you, Shinichi can make you do anything.Will you try to why I think its grown so large? That night, when Stefan pink-slipped me from his room, e realone else went home like good little girls and boys, but you and Stefan took a walk. A fly. A glide.For a long time it meant nothing to her, even though it had been the last time shed seen Stefan. In fact, that was its entirely significance to her it was the last time she and Stefan hadShe felt herself expelze over inside.You went into the Old Wood. You were tranquilize the little enliven child who didnt re on the wholey know what was right and what was wrong. But Stefan should have know better than to do that on my own territory. Vampires take territory seri ously. And in my own resting place right in front of my eyes.Oh, Damon NoOh, Damon, yes in that location you were, sharing blood, too absorbed to have noticed me even if I had leaped out and tried to pry you apart. You were wearing a high-necked uninfected nightgown and you looked like an angel. I wanted to kill Stefanright then.Damon And it wasright then that Shinichi appeared. He didnt invite to be told what I was feeling. And he had a plan, an get rid ofera proposition.Elena shut her eyes again and shake her head. Hed prepared you beforehand. You were already possessed and ready to be full of anger.I dont know why, Damon went on as if he hadnt heard her, but I scarcely thought about what it would mean to Bonnie and Meredith and the rest of the town. tout ensemble I could think of was you. All I wanted was you, and revenge on Stefan.Damon, will you hark? By then, you had already been deliberately possessed. I couldsee the malach in you. You reconcile as she felt him swel ling up to speak out that something was influencing you before that, forcing you to watch Bonnie and the others die at your feet that night. Damon, I think these things are even harder to win rid of than we imagine. For one thing, you wouldnt normally stay and watch people do private things, would you? Doesnt the fact that you did in itself prove that something was wrong?Itsa theory, Damon granted, not sounding happy.But dont you see? That was what made you tell Stefan you only salve Bonnie out of whim, and that was what made you refuse to tell everyone that the malach weremaking you watch the trees attack, hypnotizing you. That and your stupid, strong-willed pride.Watch it on the compliments. I may dry up and nurse away.Dont worry, Elena said flatly, whatever happens to the rest of us, I have a feeling your ego will survive. What happened next?I made my deal with Shinichi. He would lure Stefan somewhere out of the way where I could see him alone, then smuggle him out of this place to somewhere Stefan couldnt find you Something bubbled up explosively again inside Elena. It was a tight hard ball of pie-eyed elation. Not kill him? she managed to get out.What?Stefans alive? Hes alive? Hehes really alive?Steady, Damon replied coldly. Steady on, Elena. We cant have you fainting. He held her by the shoulders. You thought I meant to kill him?Elena was trembling close to too hard to answer. Why didnt you tell me before?I apologize for the omission.Hes alive for sure, Damon? Youre absolutely sure?Positive.Without a thought of herself, without a thought of any kind, Elena did what she did best gave in to impulse. She threw her build up around Damons neck and kissed him.For a moment Damon just stood rigid with shock. He had contracted with killers to hijack her lover and decimate her town. But Elenas mind would neer see it that way.If he were dead He stopped and had to try again. Shinichis firm bargain depends on keeping him alive alive and away from you . I couldnt risk you sidesplitting yourself orreally hating me again the note of distant coldness. With Stefan dead, what hold would I have over you, princess?Elena ignored all this. If hes alive, I can find him.If he come backs you. But what if every memory he had of you were taken away?What? Elena wanted to explode. If every memory of Stefan were taken away fromme , she said icily, I would still fall in love with him the very moment I saw him. And if every memory of me were taken away from Stefan, he would swear all over the world flavour for something without knowing what he was facial expression for.Very poetic.But, oh, Damon, thank youfor not letting Shinichi kill himHe shook his head at her, looking bewildered at himself. I couldnt appear to do that. Something about giving my word. I figured that if he were free and happy and didnt remember, that would satisfy enoughOf your promise to me? You figured wrong. But it doesnt matter now.It does matter. Youve suffered for it .No, Damon. All thatreally matters is that hes not dead and he didnt leave me. Theres still hope.But Elena, Damons voice had life now it was both excited and inflexible Cant you see? Past history aside, you have to admit thatwere the ones that belong together. You and I are simply better suited to each other by nature. hiddenly down you know that, because we understand each other. Were on the same mind level So is StefanWell, all I can say is that he does a remark commensurate job of hiding it, then. But cant you feel it? Dont you feel his grip was becoming uncomfort able now that you could be my princess of darkness that something deep inside you wants to? I can see it, if you cant.I cant beanything to you, Damon. Except a decent sister-in-law.He shook his head, laughing harshly. No, youre only suited for the chief(prenominal) role. Well, all I can say is that if we live through the press out with the fit, youll see things in yourself that youve never seen before. And you llknow that were more suited together.And allI can say is that if we live through this fight with the Bobbsey twins from Hell, it sounds as if were going to need all the spiritual power that we can get afterward. Andthat means get Stefan back.We may not be able to get him back. Oh, I grant even if we drive Shinichi and Misao away from Fells Church, the likelihood that were going to be able to do away with them completely is about zero. Youre no fighter. Were probably not even going to be able to hurt them very much. But even I dont know rently where Stefan is.Then the twins are the only ones who can help us.If they stillcan help us oh, all right, Ill admit it. TheShi no Shi are probably complete frauds. They probably take a few memories from vampire chumps memories are the coin of choice in the domain of the Other Side and then send them away while the exchange register is still jingling. Theyre frauds. The whole place is a giant slum area and freakshow sort of like a run down Vegas.But theyre not scared that the vampires they cheat will want revenge?Damon laughed, this time musically. A vampire who doesnt want to be a vampire is about the lowest target on the totem pole on the Other Side. Oh, except for humans. Along with lovers whove carry through suicide pacts, kids who jump off the roof because they think their Superman mantelpiece can make them fly Elena tried to pull away from him, to caution him, but he was surprisingly strong. It doesnt sound like a very comme il faut place.It isnt.And thats where Stefan is?If were lucky.So basically, she said, seeing things, as she always did, in call of Plans A, B, C, and D, first we have to find out where Stefan is from these twins. Second, we have to get the twins to heal the little girls theyve possessed. Third, we have to get them to leave Fells Church alone for good. But before any of that, we have to find Stefan. Hell be able to help us I know he will. And then we just hope were strong enough for the rest.We could use Stefans help, all right. But you mazed the real point for now, what we have to do is keep the twins from killing us.They still think youre their friend, yes? Elenas mind was flickering through options. Make themsure you are. conceal until a strategic moment comes, and then take the chance. Do we have any weapons against them?Iron. They do badly against iron theyre demons. And dear Shinichi is obsessed with you, although I cant say his sister will approve when she realizes it.Obsessed?Yes. With you and with English folk music songs, remember? Although I cant fathom why. The songs, I mean.Well, I dont know what we can make of that But Ill bet that his obsession with you will make Misao angry. Its just a hunch, but shes had him to herself for thousands of years.Then we set them against each other, pretend that hes going to get me. Damon what? Elena added in tones of alarm as he tightened his grip on her as if concerned.Hes not going to get you, Damon sa id.I know that.I dont quite like the idea of anyone else getting you. You were meant to be mine, you know.Damon, dont. Ive told you. Please content please dont make me hurt you? The truth is that you cant hurt me unless I let you. You can only hurt yourself against me.Elena could at least pull their speed bodies farther apart. Damon, we just made an agreement, made plans. Now, what are we doing, throwing them all away?No, but I thought of another way to get you a grade-A superhero, right now. Youve been saying I should take more of your blood for ages.Ohyes. It was true, even if that had been before he had admitted to her the terrible things hed done. AndDamon, what happened with Matt in the clearing? We went looking all over for him, but we didnt find him. And you wereglad .He didnt bother to turn down it. In the real world I was angry at him, Elena. He seemed to be just another rival. Part of the reason were here is so I can remember exactly what happened.Did you hurt Matt, Da mon? Because now youre hurt me.Yes. Damons voice was light and indifferent suddenly, as if he found it amusing. I suppose I did hurt him. I used psychic aggravator on him, and thats stopped a serving of hearts from beating. But your Mutts tough. I like that. I made him suffer more and more, and yet he still went on living because he was afraid to leave you alone.Damon Elena wrenched herself back, only to find that it did no good. He was far, far stronger than she was. How could you do that to him?I told you he was a rival. Damon laughed suddenly. You really dont remember, do you? I made him abase himself for you. I made him eat dirt, literally, for you.Damon are you crazy?No. Im just now finding my sanity. I dont need to convince you that you belong to me. I can take you.No, Damon. I wont be your princess of darkness or or anything else of yours without asking. At the most youll have a dead body to play with. peradventure Id like that. But you forget I can enter your mind. And you still have friends at home, getting ready for supper or bed, you hope. Dont you? Friends with all their limbs whove never known real pain.It took Elena a long time to speak. Then she said quietly, I take back every decent thing I ever said about you. Youre a monster, do you hear that? Youre an abomin Her voice wound slowly down. Theyre making you do this, arent they? she said finally, flatly. Shinichi and Misao. A nice little show for them. Just like they made you hurt Matt and me before.No, I do only what I want to. Was that a singe of red Elena saw in his eyes? The briefest flaring of a fervourDo you know how beautiful you are when youre crying? Youre more beautiful than ever. The gold in your eyes seems to rise to the surface and spill down in tears of diamond. I would love to have a cutter carve a bust of you weeping.Damon, I know youre not really saying this. I know that the thing they put inside you is the one saying it.Elena, I assure you, its all me. I quite enjoye d it when I made him hurt you. I liked to hear the way you cried out. I made him tear your clothes I had to hurt him a lot to get him to do it. But didnt you notice that your camisole had been torn, and that you were barefooted? That was all Mutt.Elena forced her mind back to the moment she had come to herself leaping out of the Ferrari. Yes, then, and in the time afterward she had been barefooted and bare-armed, wearing only a camisole. Quite a bit of the fabric of her jeans had been left on the wayside after that, and in the surrounding vegetation. But it had never occurred to her to wonder what had happened to her boots and socks, or how her camisole had been torn in strips at the bottom. Shed simply been so pleasurable for helpto the one who had hurt her in her first place.Oh, Damon must have thought that ironic. She suddenly realized she herself was thinking ofDamon and not ofthe possessor. Not of Shinichi and Misao.But they werent the same, she told herself. Ive got to reme mber thatYes, I enjoyed making him hurt you, and I enjoyed hurting you. I made him bring me a willow rod, just the right thickness, and then whipped you with it. You enjoyed that, too, I promise you. Dont bother to look for marks because theyve all gone like the others. But all three of us enjoyed hearing your cries. Youand meand Mutt, too. In fact, of all of us, he may have enjoyed it most.Damon, shut up I wont listen to you talk about Matt that wayI wouldnt let him see you without your clothes on, though, Damon confided, as if he hadnt heard a word. That was when I had him dismissed. instal into another snow globe. I wanted to hunt you as you tried to get away from me, in an empty globe that you could never get out of. I wanted to see that special look in your eyes that you get when you fight with everything you have and I wanted to see it defeated. Youre no fighter, Elena. Damon laughed suddenly, an ugly sound, and to Elenas shock his arm shot out and he punched through the wa ll of the widows walk.Damon She was sobbing by now.And then I wanted to dothis . With no warning, Damons fist forced her chin up, jerking her head back. His other hand tangled in her hair, bringing her neck back to the exact position he wanted her to be in. And then Elena felt him strike, industrious as a cobra, and felt the two tearing wounds in the side of her neck, and her own blood spurting out of them.Ages later, Elena woke up sluggishly. Damon was still enjoying himself, clearly lost in the experience of having Elena Gilbert. And there was no time to make different plans.Her body simply took over by itself, startling her almost as much as it startled Damon. Even as he lifted his head, her hand plucked the magical house key off his finger. Then she gripped, twisted, lifted her knees as high as she could, and kicked outward, sending Damon smashing through the splintered, rotted wood that formed the outside railing of the widows walk.

Irony In The Story “The Eighty-Yard Run” Essay

Mr. Christian Darling, a well-respected broad(prenominal) school athlete and handsome man, had an raise rather ironic change in his invigoration from the beginning of the study to the end. In The Eighty-Yard Run, a story by Irwin Shaw, the focus is on Mr. Christian Darling and his high school sweetheart, Louise. In high school, they were unendingly together, and Louise always bought Christian Darling many nice gifts. As time passed and high school ended, Christian and Louise got married and moved to invigorated York City. In New York City, both of them worked for Louises dad as managers of a New York office. They were in truth wealthy and happy. However, this did not drop dead precise long, with Louises father cleanup position himself when the profits turned into debts. After this, Christian started doing nothing, sitting at domicile day after day drinking himself to death, complaining about how dreadful life was.On the other hand, Louise got a job with a womanhoods fash ion magazine where she quickly rose through the ranks. She became very sophisticated, and she and her husband quickly became two very different people. Christian started macrocosm the one always trying to please Louise as opposed to in advance where she tried to please him and eventually gave up. As fate would have it, Christian Darling ended up working for. Rosenberg. This is ironic because Mr. Rosenberg wants Christian to limp colleges as a tour representative because of his broad shoulders and well-kept cannon his carefully brushed hair and his honest, wrinkleless face. as well as the fact that he was favorably known.This is ironic because his life was nothing equal his appearance. He wasnt a loyal boyfriend, and ended up becoming a boozed-out loser. Not the type of person a company wants to represent as the ideal college student. This is ironic because although his outer appearance is nice, his actual life has not been that way at all. From him not being loyal to his w ife to his wife being bored with him and ignoring him, he has not had an ideal life. The last ironic bit here is that the football player who he envied so much got his neck broken playing professional football.

Bases of Departmentation Essay

Bases of Departmentation 1. Functions. Important attempt functions provide the usual innovation for classifying answerivities into divisions. Manuf deporturing, foodstuffing, finance, personnel, business relationship and engineering atomic number 18 the typical functions of an industrial enterprise, and departments ma be established on the floor of such functions. But all these functions be not alike in importance from the business point of view. merchandising and manufacturing ar the basic functions of an industrial concern, and other(a)s atomic number 18 regarded as receipts functions because they live on for supporting the main functions of the business.Accordingly, basic and main functions must be devoted a higher organizational status than the status enjoyed by service functions. Further more, the size, nature and volume of business pee-pee an important translate in creating departments. A small business may not rent so mevery departments, and it may be put un der the manufacturing departments, to wit Marketing, manufacturing and finance. Purchasing, engineering and accounting may be put under the manufacturing department, and accounting under finance. Conversely, large-sized enterprises may be required to create more units than this salmagundi of functions warrants.For example, marketing department may be split into trinity burst ones like sales, advertising, and market research & point of intersection design. This type of departmentation is known by fictionalization. 2. Products. Products manufactured may be adopted for division as nearly as for sub division purposes. When there atomic number 18 some(prenominal) product lines an each product line consists of a variety of items, functional categorization fails to give balanced emphasis on each product. Slow-moving and overage products may be given greater financial aid at the bell of growing ones.For the sake of expansion and development of their products, many large enterpri ses have created more or less autonomous, self-sufficient products divisions based on all one single product or a group of connect products. A gigantic structure with separate product lines is usually fit(p) on this number of departmentation which is technically called divisionalization. With favourable product and market characteristics, divisionalization acquire the only choice available to large-sized enterprises. Apart tenor this use, product or services may be do the stem of major divisions by a epartmental store, a banking concern and an insurance company. Again, manufacturing an marketing departments may subdivide their activities on the basis of products. 3. Territories. Like the products basis, geographical regions atomic number 18 adopted for main division as well as for subdivision purposes. Units that argon primed(p) at physically dispersed argonas are made so many self-contained divisions of the organization. Apart form this divisionalization, marketing activi ties are very very much subdivided on the basis of geographical areas.It has almost the same advantages and disadvantages as are to be found in the case of departmentation by products. There are two specific advantages of this pattern of grouping activities. Being nearer to the market and becoming familiar with local conditions, this classification help to cater to the necessarily of local people more satisfactorily. In addition, the economy in lift cost, the local supply of raw materials or services and the convenience of inadvertence make a significant contribution towards the lower cost of operation. 4. Customers.This basis of classification is widely followed in subdividing activities of the marketing department. To give indivi double attention to diverse groups of buyers in the market, sales activities are often split into several part. When the products are offered to an extensive market through numerous channels and startlets, it has the special merit of supplying good s in accordance with the peculiar needs of customers. gross revenue being the exclusive field of its application, co-ordination may appear difficult mingled with sales function and other enterprise functions.Specialized sales lag may be become idle with the protrudeward movement of sales to any specified group of customers. 5. Processes. The manufacturing activities may be subdivided on the basis of their soures of outturn. quasi(prenominal) machines are grouped into separate sections that are utilized for a explicit operation of the trick. For example, lathe machine, drill machine, grinding machine and milling machine are placed in each distinct unit. In office school also, this basis of grouping activities has become common, e. g. , filing department, mail handling department and duplicating department.Cost and economy considerations urge the use of electronic office equipments and other costly machine on the basis of this subdivision. It is, however, not a capable basis to be utilized in any mass production arrangement. Characteristics 1. missionary post is the authorization to a manager to act in a certain way independently. The degree of military mission puts a manager to act within the limits prescribed by his superior. Moreover, withing the limits he is not free to act arbitrarily but subject to provisions of organisational policy, rules and regulation. . Delegation has a dual characteristic. A superior delegates authorisation to subordinates, however a superior at the same time still retains position. As Terry has observed, it is something like transport knowledge. You share with others who then possess the knowledge, but you still retain the knowledge too. 3. Authority once delegated can be enhanced, reduced or cloistered depending upon the requirement. The changes in organization structure, organisation climate, policy, procedure, and method require modifications in delegation of sanction.Since, authority is delegated to an individu al, the authority can be recovered back fully in the case of his exit from the organisation. 4. A manager cannot delegate authority which he himself does not process. Moreover, he does not delegate the entire authority to his subordinates because if he delegates all his authority he cannot work. 5. Delegation may be specific or ecumenical. Similarly, it can be written or unwritten. Delegation is specific when course of action for specific objectives are specified it is general when these are not specified, though objectives are specified.Delegation of Authority establishment units require the delegation of authority to their respective managers so that they can trough their respective units. Every manger in the organisation has some activities depute by the superior. In order to perform these activities, he needs authority to take decisions about these and to enforce them. In fact, authority vests in the owners of the organisation, an from there, it is delegated to the old geez er executive. The straits executive cannot perform all the activities, hence, he assigns some activities to his subordinates and delegates them authority.This process of delegation and redelegation from superiors to subordinates goes on till all the activities are assigned to persons by whom these are performed. Departmentation The process of dividing activities into units and subunits is referred to as departmentation. The term departmentation is used in a generic sense n is not only confined to the instauration of such units as are called departments, but it includes divisions, sections and clienteles also. Dividing up work calls or identification of total activities and classification of such activities into units and subunits.There are ternary bases for primary grouping of activities at the second level of the organization but below the top level. Units at the second level are usually called departments when business functions are adopted as the pattern of grouping activit ies. much(prenominal) units go by the name of divisions when either products manufactured or territories are adopted as the means of classifying activities. There are, however, two burn downes to departmentation- top down and bottom-up approaches.In the top-down approach, activities are divided step by step downward form the chief executives job to the direct jobs. In the bottom-up approach, the division of activities is carried on in a reverse order. Starting form operating jobs, there arise sections form combining some gibe jobs, departments from combining some sections and finally the chief executive position form putting departments together. While the top-down approach gives emphasis on co-ordination and managerial action, the bottom-up approach gives emphasis on co-ordination and managerial action, the ottom-up approach focuses attention on employee performance. Although the top-down approach is sluttish for understanding the departmentation process, both the approaches a re utilized in actual practice. stairs in Organisation The steps in organization may be stated as follows 1. Determination and enumeration of activities. The required activities are spelled out from the objectives of the enterprise. The total work, operating an managerial, is broken down into component activities that are to be performed by all personnel.The breakdown of activities is carried as far down as to determine the job of each individual. 2. Grouping and assignment of activities. Correlated and correspondent activities are grouped into divisions or departments first. And these divisional or departmental act5ivities are further divided into sections and jobs. Different bases are adopted for dividing and subdividing activities into different groups or blocks of work. Enterprise functions like sales. Production or finance, the products manufactured and territorial regions are usually made the basis of primary grouping.Secondary grouping is made on the basis of geographical a reas, types of customers, equipments used, process or constituent parts of the major enterprise function. 3. Allocation of fixed duties to definite persons. Definite job assignments are made to different subordinates for ensuring certainty of work performance. These job assignments are first made to different counseling members who, in turn, allocate the jobs among their subordinates. on with the allocation of duties to different positions, each job is to be staffed by the view of qualified personnel.To make any systematic recruitment and selection, job requirements are first ascertained by the allocation of duties to different positions, and on the basis of job descriptions, man specifications are prepared. In accordance with man specifications which mention qualification and experience expected form candidates for different posts, positions are fill by selection, training and placement of individuals. 4. Delegation of authority. Corresponding to the nature of duties, fit auth ority must be granted to the subordinates for enabling them to make sufficient work performance.As authority without responsibility is a dangerous thing, so responsibility without authority is an empty vessel. Authority and responsibility are correlated terms and they are terms to be constants companions. Delegation is a three tier concept that calls for assigning duties and delegating authority to subordinates and demanding accountability from subordinates. wherever duties are assigned to subordinates, whether managers or operators, the other two aspects of delegation come into the picture.Division and subdivision of activities create a number of managerial and operating jobs which are bound together in a consistent pattern by the delegation process. Absence of delegation in any enterprise implies that one person is performing the whole work of operation and management with nobody else to assist him. In such a situation, no glob structure can be designed as there is no prolifera tion of activities into levels. Fore establishing any organization structure, it is obvious therefore that delegation is to be effected in some way or other.

Non Parametric Test

Non parametric Test is a kind of statistical test that was discovered by Wolfowitz. This test covers a variety of categories and these argon the independent samples, dependent samples and the variables blood with co- variables. To contrast and differentiate measurements is a hard thing to do, one quite a little choose parametric and nonparametric.Non parametric test are those tests that has no postulates to the highest degree arrangement of population. There a number of nonparametric tests and these includes the Mann- Whitney Test, Wilcoxon and the Kruskal- Wallis test. Mann- Whitney Test is canvass two independent random samples. It has its postulates or assumptions and these are the taking of involuntary segment of populations, autonomy within datas gathered and its super C independence, its scale is ordinal.The Wilcoxon test or the Wilcoxon signed- rank test is the test that which serves as a replacement of Students T test. This was discovered by Frank Wilcoxon. This is comp aring a dissimilar measurement that is why it is needful to measure datas at a gap of measurement. Kruskal- Wallis test, a one way analysis of variance and is used for small samples, it compares uneven groups. Prism is being used in performing this test.These non parametric tests are usually used in ranking order such as movie reviews. But due to lesser postulates, these non parametric tests are full(a) of vigor or vital. Non parametric tests are easy to use and is frequently simple than the parametric test. This test can be use on determining the population of those depressed people, emotionally disturbed and mentally blow and it can also be used to know the level or the rank of the most significant reasons why people get emotionally unstable and eventually get depressed.

Othello’s position as an outsider fuelled by his insecurities Essay

In what ways does Othellos repose as an outsider fuelled by his insecurities bring slightly his downfall?Shakespeargon was on of the greatest writer of all time he wrote m both a(prenominal) a(prenominal) walkaways and among them in that respect atomic number 18 his timeless tragedies. Some of the most popular are Romeo and Juliet, a typical hunch tragedy, Macbeth and the famous Othello.Tragedy is whiz of the oldest genres in literature. It firsted glowering in Grecian times and virtuoso of the earliest writers was Aristotle. Shakespeare was influenced by Greek and Roman thought and ideas, which he used in his own avenge tragedies.Shakespearean tragedies are all set around the hero. The hero normally has a fatal flaw that causes the downfall of the hero. These ideas are clearly shown in the revenge tragedy Othello. In the play, Othello is a typical revenge hero. Othello is a cultural and racial outsider he is a moor, which is a essential of Northern Africa. This feature d separates him from the other characters. He is a well-respected man who is a loyal officer and has repeatedly proved himself in a battle, simply quite a little still do non accept him as nonpareil of them. This fuels Othellos insecurities and the way people treat and talk to him build on the many insecurities he already has.Throughout the play there are many references to Othellos race and social background. In picture matchless the sense of hearing are introduced to Othello through Iago and Brabantio conversing about him. The listening are aware that he is adopting the Kings daughter (Desdemona) behind the Kings back. This is highlighted by a quote from Act hotshot Scene one A pitch- unrelenting ram is tupping your white +ewe. The audiences jump impressions of Othello are that he is sly and untrustworthy.The imagery used by Iago ignominious ram and white yew signifies the differences between Desdemona and Othello, Othello is black and Desdemona is white. Not simply this skilful other ideas are connoted by these images to the audience. Black symbolising hate and sinfulness while white symbolising purity, ingenuous and seraphic. This opposite effect between them gives a negative effect on the audience about Othello. witchcraft is spoken of He thought twas witchcraft by Iago and Rodrigo as there is no other reason for a pure and angelic character to love such a hideous beast. The ideas of witchcraft macrocosm mentioned shows that people are thinking that Othello has put a spell on Desdemona for her to love him.Othello isnt get holdn as attractive or conventionally good looking. His colour makes him unappealing and frightening implied by the imagery used by people in the play when speaking about Othello. When referring to Othello. The Moor and mysterious lips are used as references to Othellos colour in many delineations. The imagery of zoologys or beasts is used a weed, Black ram and barbary sawhorse. This is bringing Othello to an ani malistic level with the imagery of wild un tamed animals or beasts. This is used to insult Othellos colour and his racial background. By express he is of a low level and uncivilised.Although a lot of insults are directed towards Othello these insults are never spoken to his face. This is because Othello is a valuable and consummate soldier he has shame a lot for the country and people respect him for that. I have done the state some assistant and they k in a flasht. When speaking to Othello, Iago and Rodrigo call him my lord This shows respect and Othello seems to be judge into their Venetian nightspot because of his fighting ability, although the dramatic irony is clearly shown when Iago says, I do hate him as I do hells pains besides when speaking to Othello in Act 4 Scene 4 he says. You know I love you my lord. This would be one thing that would deviate the audiences views about Othello and make them to a greater extent aware of Iago as this fixs to show his true colour s. Iago mentions the word hell signifying the devil and pure evil, this over again relates to the views and opinions people have on Othellos racial background. His black disrobe reinforces the images and thoughts also.Discrimination is a key theme during this play a lot of which is aimed at Othello. Although Othello has been accepted into their society he still feels conscious about his racial background as he states , haply, for I am black. Othello knows that hes an outsider to them and understands why, his obscure qualities may be bane to some besides on the other hand others are intrigued which Is shown when he says, her father loved me/oft invited me/still questioned me about the story of my life. battalion do not deal to accept the unknown but equal to question it or like Iago feel the need to push it away.The unknown is ventured into by Desdemona she crosses the line between her society and the unknown by marrying Othello. This shocks and seems tendingful but it help s Othello be accepted more into their society. Desdemona was once too frighten by Othellos race this is highlighted by the quote And when she seemed to shake and fear your looks. But she looked beyond this I saw Othellos visage in his mind. This shows that if one can see the inner beauty then why cant every one else? Perception is a key theme during the play. The audience see that Othello is beautiful not on the outside but on the inside. Iago although he appears beautiful the audience see a different view they see more than skin deep.Desdemona accepts Othello for who he is, therefore Othello feels safe and secure with her. He loves and adores Desdemona and would do anything for her. This is clearly shown in Act4 Scene4 And I when I love thee not, chaos is come again. This is implying that without Desdemonas love it would be the end of the realism, the end of Othello.When Iago starts to question Desdemonas love for Othello, Othello now feels he cannot trust Desdemona. This affec ts him because she makes him feel accepted because she loves him for who he is and now he feels unaccepted into their society. Iago knows this so he plays on these insecurities to get what he wants. I think this quote is a good description telling the audience he is comparing Othello to an Ass, and Iago is leading him with his lies. And will as tenderly be led by thnose as asses are. This creates an image of an animal being led away so easily by something so simple, but by something it loves and craves.Iago does not tell Othello anything about Desdemona and Cassio he just cleverly puts thoughts into Othellos head, it is shown well n this quote, Ha I like not thatNothing my lord. Iago immediately catches Othellos attention and he is eagre to find out more. Iago plants the seed of suspect and nurtures it over act 3. Iago carries on and starts to mention Cassio although he doesnt say anything about Desdemona and Cassio being in concert he implies it, shown in this quote I cannot thin k he would kidnap away so guilty like, seeing you coming. These firm sentences get Othellos mind racing, with doubt and jealousy. The words that make Othello eager are gazump and guilty this really sets the scene for a private affair. Othello panics and he answers Iago quick trying to find out more. What dost though think?As the scene progresses Othello becomes suspicious and starts to get annoyed with Iago, as it seems Iago knows something and is not telling Othello, Othello says project me thy thought. Othello, feeling an outsider already is now separated from the convention even more as there are secrets revolving around that he knows nothing of. Iago realises that Othello may not believe him, to get Othello to trust him and start to believe him he says You know I love you my lord. This dramatic derision starts to show the audience that the real villain is Iago in the play and their beneficence goes out to Othello as all he is, is another cog in Iagos conniving and twisted plan.Toward the end of the scene Iago starts to really play on the insecurities of Othello. She did deceive her father marrying you. This implies that if she can deceive her own melodic phrase then what chance does Othello have? This idea was brought up at the start of the play when Othello was speaking to Desdemonas father, and he warns Othello of her background telling him that she has deceived him many times before. So Othello starts to really believe it now. Why did I marry?To make sure Othello really understands Iago, Iago starts to imply that Othello being an outsider center he does not know a lot about their society. Iago comes from this society so anything said, Othello will believe because he doesnt know any different. In Venice they do not let god see their pranks, they hardiness not show their husbands their best conscious. Here Iago is implying that Venetian women are not what they seem. Iago knows this from past experience and implies Othello has been pulled in by t heir deceptive ways.Othello is starting to doubt his position in the society as he realises he does not know enough. This plays on his insecurities and he feels more of an outsider than hes ever felt. This is shown by his epileptic fits on stage as he works himself up so much his body shuts itself down. His epileptic fits hand to his outsider qualities as this is a fault within him, which separates him from the society. People dont understand him and therefore cant accept him tout ensemble into their society. This gives Iago a chance to work situations to his advantage like the Cassio and Bianca scene. Othello becomes more and more insecure and vulnerable he needs to rely on Iagos advises more. Iago gets him to depend on him and a power change occurs. The audience are aware of the change by Act 4 scene 4 when it is clearly shown. From then on Othello becomes more and more insecure, and Iago feeds on his impuissance.Rude am I in speech / And little invoke with the tardily phrase of peace. (A statement form Othello.) This is showing us that Othello is presenting himself as an outsider and constantly brings up his differences from other Venetians. This insecurity is brought on by the thoughts of other people. If everyone else thinks it, then Othello starts to think it too because he is so diffident about himself. Another quote that shows this is when Othello says, Haply for I am black/and have not those soft parts of conversation.Othello knows he is discriminated against his colour and he admits it Haply for I am black, his colour is linked to the ideas of a beast he refers to this by saying, have not those soft parts. The soft in this sentence is the total opposite of what is thought about Othello. He now discriminated himself and compares him self to other people and this is when he thinks his whole world is crumbling around him especially because his one true love has supposedly betrayed him. If Othello chooses not to believe in himself and lets himself be an outsider from the rest, then what chance does he have expecting others to accept him?Othellos position as an outsider is in a lot of way fuelled by his insecurities. This is a serious weakness that comes across on Othello and the paranoia he has upon himself does not help. Desdemona gave him the confidence to not care, but Iagos twisted and conniving ways led Othello to believe his one true love was not there beside him any more portion him through the tough times. Desdemona fuelled the little confidence Othello had and it was this reason that Iago used to tick Othello. In the last scene Othello speaks Like a base Indian, threw a pearl away. Here in this metaphor Othello has realised Desdemona was his pearl the one thing left that made him she was his world and his world had now gone.

Mobilization of Deposits

Topic Mobilization of bewilders in banking system of Pakistan Submitted to Maam Bushra Submitted by Muhammad Mumtaz (09-arid-929) Tayyab Sultan (08-arid-387) Muhammad Sohail Zafar (09-arid-934) Farhan Ahmed (08-arid-402) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT thank to Almighty ALLAH who had do us able to complete this aim with the squargon knowledge. Special thanks argon due to our respected teacher Maam Bushra Zulfiqar who have shown us the right way to go for our project to success and enlightened our mind with the tips and guidance to think creatively.We are grateful to our fri de marchesinations, who help us a lot during this course of project. Table of pith 1) Deposit-4 2) recent storys-4 3) HBL rationalisedom storeyancy4 4) HBL Business Value rate-4 5) term scores-5 6) HBL Advant grow Account-5 7) enthronement Plus Deposit 5 8) savings Accounts 5 9) PLS Savings Account-6 10) Remittance Munafa Plus Savings Account6 11) Foreign swell Accounts7 12) Mobilization of deposits-8 13) HBL rai lroad railcar add 8 14) HBL gondola car To Car9 15) HBL identification Card10 16) HBL Home Loan11 17) HBL INVESTMENT BANKING 13 18) HBL Zarai pious platitudeing14 19) MCB Moslem banking- 17 20) Al-Makhraj Saving Account 17 21) IANAT Account18 22) Al Makhraj margin Deposit20 23) Ijarah20 24) Murabahah -21 25) Diminishing Musharika Equipment-21 Abstract Banks loosely adopt following strategies to mobilize their Deposits in two categories 1- Demand Deposits which are payable to the owner on demand i. e Savings Accounts Current Account and so forth 2- Time Deposits.These are Fixed Deposit for conglomerate tenors ranging from month to 10 geezerhood and are payable at maturity. * Banks claim Deposits from unveilings like Government institutions, public ltd and Private limited companies and Trusts etc. * Banks convey Deposits from general public by launching various Deposit schemes supply the postulate of all segment of society and shooter glossy bump rates on these sch emes. * For example HBL offers HBL Money club Account to kids up to the age of 18 and offer ATM Card (with restricted Limit) and attractive loot Rates up to 7. 55% to attract the youngsters who bequeath by and by prefer to maintain their Account with HBL till life epoch. For Businessmen who oft transfer money to and from their Accounts to make their business remunerations HBL offers Freedom Account in which they can make Drafts of unlimited Number and sum and free online bullion transfer by maintaining stripped-down routine symmetricalness of Rs. 25,000. 00/- sole(prenominal). This strategy attracts spacious numbers of businessmen to HBL which has competitive advantage of largest Network of branches in e truly city of Pakistan with online easiness. * For customers or soly businessmen who want proceeds on daily pedestal HBL Offers HBL Daily Progressive Account on which pay is mensurable on daily basis and credited into customers Accounts at month end. * as tumesc e to encourage the remittances by expatriates through banking channels HBL offers RMPA Remittance Plus Munafa Accounts. * HBL mobilizes its deposits in the form of investments in projects and give loan to corporations as well as to the consumer.HABIB BANK LIMITED DEPOSITS There are different types of deposits account. Current Accounts guide unlimited legal proceeding while maintaining a low nominal remainder every month. Current Account of HBL * token(prenominal) symmetricalness of Rs. 5,000 * Unlimited transactions * Non-profit bearing * HBL debit entry Card and conceal single out Transaction placement (IBTS) facilities * cash transfer to each bank through HBL speech sound Banking prefatory Banking Account (BBA) * Can be opened with only Rs. 1,000 * No minimum fit necessity * Up to 2 withdrawal and 2 deposit transactions free every month * Unlimited withdrawals through HBL Debit Card * Non-profit bearing HBL Freedom AccountUse your money as you please with HBL Free dom Account. Rest free from worries and expand your business with one and only(a) accessibility. HBL Business Value Account * No minimum balance requirement * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction dodging (IBTS) facilities * laughable(p) transactional account for Businessmen * Up to 10 Bankers confirmations free (at minimum balance of Rs. 500,000) * avail metric daily, salaried every quarter * Up to 5. 35% profit per annum * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking. * Nominal monthly maintenance charge of Rs. 50 Term Accounts Invest your savings in our term deposits for a fixed duration and nominate profit while keeping your savings secure.HBL Advantage Account Term bread per annum 1 socio-economic class 12. 00% 3 Year 14. 00% 5 Year 15. 00% 10 Year 18. 00% Multiple options for advance and profit payout. Loan facility up to 90% of investment. stripped-down investment of Rs. 25,000. withdrawal method at end of fixed term. Investment Plus Deposit * Profit paid at maturity * Minimum investment of Rs. 20 million * Multiple options for tenure and profit payout * Withdrawal at end of fixed term * Account for Institutions Savings Accounts Avail the flexibility of making transactions while earning profit on daily/monthly basis.HBL Value Account * 7. 19% profit per annum * Profit calculated monthly, paid every quarter * Deposit ramble ons from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 1,000,000 * simple machinedinal withdrawals free every month PLS Savings Account * 5. 06% profit per annum * Profit paid bi-annually * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facilities * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000 * Unlimited transactions Remittance Munafa positive(p) Savings Account * Special account for receiving foreign remittances * 5. 12% profit per annum * Profit paid every month * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000 Daily Munafa Account Profit calculated daily, p aid every month * Up to 8. 84% profit per annum * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facilities * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000 Daily Progressive Account * Unique transactional account for Institutions * Profit calculated daily, paid every month * Up to 11. 57% profit per annum * Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facility * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000 Foreign Currency Accounts HBL offers Foreign Currency Accounts in multiple currencies as savings and term accounts. FC-SB Savings Account offered in 3 currencies, USD (US dollar), EUR (Euros) and GBP (UK pound) * Tiered ware, with rates depending on cream of currency * To earn profit, minimum balance should be deoxyguanosine monophosphate USD, EUR or GBP * Interest is payable on a quarterly basis HYFFD (High Yield Foreign Currency Fixed Deposit) * Available in 1 month, 2 month, 3 month, 6 month and 12 Month in USD, EUR * Tiered product, with rates depending on choice of currency and term * Profit paid on maturity only. Mobilization of deposits HBL CAR LOAN HBL CarLoan helps you get your preferred car through a simple and hassle-free process, backed by superior service and support. Now you can drive a car you always wanted. Features * election of white plague, new local/imported and reconditioned imported car. * refund options ranging upto 7 days. * Up to 85% of financial support for the car of your choice. * Insurance at all metres for complete peace of mind and security. * Round the clock support available through HBL Phone Banking you can place your requests and queries, comprehend the status of your re pay/loan account and avail other encourage-added function through HBL Phone Banking. Eligibility criteria salaried Individuals Self-Employed Business persons/ Professionals Citizenship Pakistani Pakistani shape up 22-60 age 22-65 years Minimum mo nthly income Rs. 20,000 Rs. 25,000 credentials Salaried Individuals imitation of CNIC 2 recent passport size of it of it photographs Latest master copy salary slip and personal bank account for digest 3 months Self-Employed Business persons/Professionals Copy of CNIC 2 recent passport size photographs Bank statement for last 6 months and bank letter convinced(p) details of account evidence of business HBL Car To Car HBL Car To Car is a revolutionary car financing offer. It makes the car of your choice affordable and practical with a buy back guarantee. HBL CarToCar offers matchless features and unique options at the end of the lease. Now you can drive a new car at the end of every two years. Features AffordabilityWith HBL Car To Car, you only have to pay the difference between the car price and the pre-agreed equilibrium value to the bank. As a result, the monthly installment may all the same be 40% to 50% less than that of conventional financing elevat e of lifestyle HBL gives you the guarantee that if you wish to return the car to us at the end of the lease term, you will not have to pay off the cars proportion value. Instead, we will directly settle this enceinte liability for you under the buy back guarantee. Hence, you can upgrade to a new car as frequently as two years* without any complication and hassle. Pay only for what you useWhen you lease a car under HBL Car To Car, you only pay for that while of the cars value that you use during the lease term.The cars residual value* (forecasted for the end of the particularized lease term) is agreed with you at the stir up of the lease term. This amount is deducted from the car price thus lowering the pay amount. This pay amount is based only on a part of the cars value and not the full value of the car. Therefore, HBL CarToCar offers very low installments as compared to any conventional financing. . Flexibility HBL Car To Car offers you several choices at the end of the lease term * Upgrade patently return the car to HBL and drive a new one family * Walk away Return the car to HBL and end the lease * misdirect Keep the same car.Just make a one-time settlement of the cars residual value to HBL or pay the same in unaffixed installments over a specified extended period of time * plow Enjoy the gain from selling off the car at a higher price in the market than what you ay HBL as the residual value Eligibility criteria Salaried Individuals Self-Employed Business persons/ Professionals Citizenship Pakistani Pakistani Age 22-60 years 22-65 years Minimum monthly income Rs. 20,000 Rs. 25,000 Documentation Self-Employed Business persons/Professionals Copy of CNIC 2 recent passport size photographs Bank statement for last 6 months and bank letter confirming details of account Proof of business Salaried Individuals Copy of CNIC 2 recent passport size photographs Latest original salary slip and personal bank statement for last 3 months HBL Credit Card Welcome to a land of convenience and flexibility. Accepted at over 29 million merchants worldwide, HBL Credit Card makes shopping fun and paying simple. So make the most of your shopping experience. Gold Card Green Card Rupees Minimum tax income salary requirements Rupees 50,000 Salaried individuals 15,000 180,000 Self-employed business persons/professionals 25,000 Rupees Credit limit range Rupees 150,000 Minimum 20,000 500,000 Maximum HBL Home Loan HBL Home Loan offers financing options to grease ones palms a new house or renovate an existing house.Outright purchase The outright purchase loan option provides financing for purchase a new house. Home improvement Home-improvement loan option provides financing for renovating your house. Outright Purchase Descriptors Home Improvement/ Renovation 3 years to 20 years Loan tenure 3 years to 20 years Rs. 300,000 Rs. 15,000,000 Loan amount Rs. 300,000 Rs. 5,000,000 85% Maximum financing amoun t (as % of appraised value of the property) 70% 5 years proportion lease (years be at the time of loan maturity) 5 years Borne by the Bank Property insurance Borne by the Bank primary applicant and co-borrower tone insurance through HBL by the insurance company on HBL panel) Primary applicant and co-borrower Eligibility criteria Salaried Individuals Self-Employed Business Persons/ Professionals Nationality Pakistani (resident) Pakistani (resident) Age criteria of the main applicant and co-borrower whose income is being clubbed (spouse only) durable employees Minimum age at the time of loan application should be 21 years. Maximum age at the time of loan maturity should be 60 years. contractual employees Minimum age at the time of loan application should be 21 years. Maximum age at the time of loan maturity should be 55 years Minimum age at the time of loan application should be 21 years.Maximum age at the time of loan maturity should be 65 years. Length of Employme nt Permanent employees Minimum 1 year experience 6 months experience with sustain employment status in the current job. Contractual employees Minimum 2 years work experience. Third party contractual not eligible. Minimum 2 years experience in personal business Documentation Salaried Individuals * CNIC copy * 2 passport size photographs * Letter from employer * 2 latest salary slips or salary certificate * Bank statement for last 6 months and bank letter confirming details of account * Copies of property documents Self-Employed Business Persons/ Professionals CNIC copy * 2 passport size photographs * Proprietorship Bank Certificate / Latest Tax Assessment clubhouse * Latest one year bank statement * Partnership form of address * Registered Form C * Memorandum, Article of association and registered Form 29 A (applies to company directors) * Copies of property documentsSchedule of bank charges Application affect charges (including 16% cater) Rs. 7,000/- (non-refundable) ear ly(a) settlement charges 4. 7% of out rest principal Partial payment charges 4. 7% of adjusted principal Late payment charges Rs. 700 (for each late payment) Property evaluation fee Actual cost plus 16% FED to be recovered Legal fee Actual cost plus 16% FED to be recovered HBL INVESTMENT BANKING HBL offers full-service Investment Banking capabilities to its clientele. This year alone, HBL has closed over thirty transactions with a cumulative charge of over USD 2 billion. This is a testament to the out-of-box thinking and the innovative products we contain to our customers.The Investment Banking Group functions in three specialist business areas jut finance, Debt nifty Markets & Syndications and Equity Capital Markets & Advisory. Project finance The bulk of HBLs project finance practice revolves around the ability area. 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Human Resource Planning Assignment Essay

specify and pardon the significance of the term derived necessitate as it applies to Strategic human being Resources Planning. (5 marks) A necessity for a good, service, etc. which is a consequence of the demand for whatsoeverthing else. In respect to Strategic Human Resource Planning, derived demand applies specifically to labor. The demand for labor is derived from the demand for the goods and services that labor is used to produce. The demand for labor is as well influenced by the run into aim of economic activity and the relation cost of labor comp atomic number 18d to capital. An organization exit try to plan for vacancies and trade fluctuations but derived demand can be difficult to plan for if you shake off a harvest-feast or service that has very little indubitable difference from your competitors.For example when the Canadian dollar is lower Canadian transpose companies be much busier, delivering more exports to the US market which become cheaper for them to purchase. 2. relieve derived demand as it applies specifically to Sto refreshedall Industries. (5 marks) stymy Industries produces a commodity item (there is very little discernible difference between their product and their competitors). The demand for that item is directly affected by interest order and housing starts. As interest rates fall more spate can afford to borrow money to build and and so new building is more appealing. As interest rates rise slight people are able to afford borrowing to build and therefore the number of new housing starts fall. The HR department at stonewall Industries can monitor these factors so that they can act proactively as argue to reactively.They can monitor interest rates (by checking Bank of Canada updates) 3. The Senior executive Team at hinder has to consider a number of environmental factors that regard on its Human Resources Planning activities. Describe these environmental factors and explain their impact. (10 marks) There are m any environmental factors that baffle an impact on the HR Planning activities at stymy. Firstly, there is a significant departure in final payment amongst the whole kit and caboodles. It would likely be difficult to align wages at all of the plants due to differing unions and union climates in each state of matter but the difference in wages could cause poor team spirit in a plant that discovers they are making significantly slight than an early(a) plant that produces the same product. (Also, aligning wages to the spiritedest current level may not be possible. Another environmental factor that would impact Stonewalls HR planning is the state of the current Vancouver plant. It isthe oldest and smallest plant and there is no room to expand on the current spot. (This property is also very desirable real estate next to the oceanic but closing the plant and terminating the employees would come at a high cost. A cost that would need to be calculated to see if the absolutely te rm costs would produce a medium term benefit. fling these very experienced employees promotions to other plants may be possibilities as they behave a lot of knowledge that would leave with them and would help centralise the layoff or termination costs that are going to be high with this collection of employees.)The state of the lug unions in British Columbia and Quebec are factors that will affect Stonewalls HR Planning. Stonewall will have to ensure they walk the tight line between ensuring they are in fiscal matters responsible while maintaining a good relationship with these unions. This is not except important for future relations but because of the importance that is placed on universe relations and ultimately the image of the company in the cosmoss eyes. This may pose an even greater challenge in Quebec where the labour unions are opposed to English owned companies. Although this is one of the plants with the last-place Total Compensation Rate it may be one of the bigge st challenges as far as labour relations. As recently mentioned previously, image and overt relations are very important to Stonewall (and in a commodity market in general). In any industry layoffs are view critically buy the public.The company is viewed to be insensitive and public relations tend to take a hit. In mentioning layoffs, another environmental factor that will impact planning is that of an internal nature. Internal employees that are questioning the future of the company are likely to seek other employment. As mentioned by Belcourt et al., the high performers are the ones that are likely to set about new employment and if the company was only looking to downsize they will be left with the average or underperformers. 4.Identify and explain the various techniques for forecasting labour supply and labour demand. What can organizations do in the short tolerate when they recognize a bed covering in which supply far go alongs demand. What could Stonewall do in this situa tion? (20 marks) Time-series modelsData simply is projected ship found on an established formula Predicts what will happen based on what has happed historically Uses chronologically arranged data to arrive at forecasting Can account forseasonal differences in demand set about and Effect ModelsAssumes that an activity (ie implementation of a new piece of machinery) determines an impression (higher productivity). Judgement ModelsNo historical data to pull fromExample for Stonewall would have been forecasting demand for their vinyl siding branch forrader its implementation. When an organization recognizes a gap in which supply far exceed demand an organization can seek out contract or freelance employees or contact retired employees in the short term. Until a longer term ancestor can be realized. An organization can also do some planning for short term gaps by crosscut training employees. When these short term gaps are identified the labour world power can be shifted and adjust ed to compensate. This would not necessarily work for Stonewall as their employees skills are very specific to certain areas. I would think a possibility for Stonewall is to take employees from their smaller, less economical plant in British Columbia and use them to fill in gaps at some of the other plants. The British Columbia plant cannot take on any more capacity and other plants can.This may be a short term plan to fill a gap or it may become a longer term solution if they can discuss more permanent moves with the BC employees as a result of the condition of the building and the need for workers at the other plants. This would reduce the costs of termination the BC employees (as well as smoothing over some potential public relations issues).

Objective Relations Theory

Projective Identification copyright 1996 Hannah Fox, CSW, BCD All rights silent whitethorn non be reproduced with protrude permission of Hannah Fox (emailprotected com) This document stink stinkpot be found at http//www. object- dealings. com This presentation go out explore some(prenominal) concepts and techniques within the Object Relations guess of family therapy which, if understood, provides a manakin for scenting at g aloneuss and families. Before conferenceing nearly this approach to family therapy, I would a uniform(p) to explain what object dealings theory is all roughly.Object Relations speculation was originated in England by a group of British psychoanalysts, including Klein, Balint, Fairburn, Winnicott, and Guntrip. Object relations theory was a break from Freuds drive model, and differs from it as follows Freuds model held that a newborn baby is driven by animal instincts, such as hunger, thirst, and plea surely, barely gitnot relate to otherwises. Relationships with others only develop later in the rush of satisfying those needs. In this sense, Freuds model considers relationships to be secondary.In contrast, object relations theory maintains that the baby can relate to others at a very primal age and that relationships with others atomic number 18, therefore, primary. The drive to attach virtuosoself to an object is considered to be the major make force. Since we are public lecture active object relations theory, this is a peachy time to ask what an object is. In object relations theory, the record book object is used with a very specific smasheding. Its not literally a physical per countersign, scarce an internal mental structure that is organize throughout aboriginal development.This mental structure is built through a series of experiences with significant others through a psychic figure out called introjection. Because an babes soonest experiences are usually with its stupefy, she is usually the first int ernal object organize by the infant. Eventually, the father and other significant people as well wrench internalized objects. Introjection, the process of creating internal mental objects, leads to another process called splitting. Splitting occurs because the infant cannot tolerate certain feelings such as pettishness and longing, which occur in all normal development.As a result, the infant has to split take split of itself and repress them. What happens to those keep down split- transfer move? They are dealt with through another grievous process, called projective identification. Projective identification itself is a very specific part of object relations theory. It is a defense mechanism which was conceptualized by Melanie Klein in 1946, having evolved from her extensive report and work with children. According to Klein, projective identification consists of splitting dispatch parts of the self, communicate them into another person, and thence identifying with them i n the other person.For example, the earliest relationship the infant has with its return is feeding and touching, but the mother is not always open-bodied to respond quickly enough to the infants need. Since the natural rage and longing the infant feels at such times are intolerable, to survive these feelings the infant splits them off and represses them from its consciousness. The split offfeelings can be suasion of as other parts of the self (ego). When such splitting takes place, the infant is free of the rage but has placed that part of itself complicated down the mother.To make itself whole once again it must identify with the mother. The mother may or may not allow herself to become the cntainer for the infants negative feelings. Even if she doesnt, the projective identification thus far occurs. The preceding(prenominal) process begins in the first half year of life, know as the paranoid-schizoid position. It is characterized by an ability to agnise near(a) feeling s from severely, but an inability to distinguish the mother from the self. Depending on how consistent the mothering is, the infant may or may not progress to a higher level of development known as the depressive position.In the depressive position, which starts at about eight months of age, the child takes backrest its lousy feelings from the mother and separates from her. The mother is now assistn as a separate object, with two good and bad feelings of her own. The infant is aware(p) of its own good and bad feelings. For a child to reach this level of development, the earlier mothering must be consistent. The mother must bring forth accepted most of the childs projected feelings. A child who reaches the depressive position will, in adulthood, be capable of experiencing, at best, such feelings as empathy, or will at least become neurotic.In contrast, if the mothering is not consistent, the child cant take back its projected feelings and splitting continues two inside and ou tside the child. It remains in the paranoid-schizoid position or, at best, a unassured form of the depressive position. This type of development is associated with b dedicateline personalities. In the to a higher place infant-mother example, the repressed parts of the self, if unresolved, will remain repressed into adulthood. Those parts will dominate the choice of marital partner and the nature of marital relationships, and by supplement the nature of relationships with children.By the time the couple or family come to therapy the projective identification process has give carely progressed to the point of world obvious to the therapist, and will be overtaken in the members behavior toward each other. This is usually not so in respective(prenominal) therapy because it often takes time to build the transference relationship with the therapist. So what does this regard as for the therapist? What does a therapist subscribe to to know in order to work with a family, using the object relations approach? The therapist needs to be trained in individual developmental heory from infancy to aging and to read that the internal object world is built up in a child, modified in an adult and re-enacted in the family. The family has a developmental life cycle of its own, and as it goes through its series of tasks from beforehand(predicate) nurturing of its new members, to emancipation of its adolescents, to pickings care of its aging members, the familys adaptation is challenged at every stage by unresolved issues in the adult members early life cycle. Conflicts within any of its individual family members may threaten to lop off the adaption previously achieved.If any member is unable to adapt to new development, pathology, the like projective identification, becomes a stumbling block to future goodly development. The clinical approach is to develop, with the family, an judgement of the nature and origins of their current interactional difficulties, starting from their experience in the here- and-now of the alterative sessions, and exploring the unconscious intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts that are preventing further salubrious development. Interpretation and sagacity are thus the agents of family change.By uncovering the projective identifications that take place among family members, and having individuals take back their split-off parts, members can be freed to continue healthy development. If further therapy is indicated, individual therapy would be a recommendation. Symptom reduction in individuals is not necessarily a goal here. In fact, individual family members may become more symptomatic as projective identificationsare taken back and the members become more anxious. To do this, the therapist needs the following four capabilities . The ability to provide a safekeeping environmentfor the family a place which is consistent so that eventually the family comes to feel comfortable enough to be themselves in the prese nce of the therapist. 2. An ability to understand the themeof each session, so that a broad theme can be identified over the course of treatment. 3. An ability to interpret the possible content of patients manifest statements. 4. An understanding of unconscious processes like transference and countertransference.Given those tools, it is the therapists prank to uncover the projective identifications in the family that prevent the children from having a healthy development. Once these projections are uncovered, and the split-off parts given back to the family members they belong to, children are freer to continue healthy development. Having introduced projective identification, Id like to show how this process operates later in life-in couples and families-and is a framework for doing couple and family therapy. Im sacking to present two cases-one of a couple and one of a family-to show how projective identification works.A male patient of mine with minute dream fell in love with a woman who by and by pushed him to be ambitious. As it turned out, the woman had been repressing her own ambition under pressure from a father who didnt believe women should work. This woman was rather intelligent and obtained a professional degree, yet she chose to stifle her ambition in order to please her father. She remained dependent on her father, both emotionally and financially. The husband, my patient, was a professional but quite unambitious. His familys philosophy was that one is lucky to deal a job and pay the bills.His father had held the same low compensable job for twenty years although he, too, had a professional degree. So wherefore did these two people stick to married? Since it was unacceptable for her to be ambitious, the wife needed someone to contain those feelings for her. My patient was the ideal object because, although he had an inner ambition, he had no parental support for these strivings. Therefore, he was predisposed to accept and collude in hi s wifes projection. What is the effect of projective identification when a couple has children?The following example shows how parents use their children as objects. Fern was a woman in her second marriage with two adolescent children. When Fern was a child, her mother prosperous her brother. The communicate she received from her mother was that men were important and had to be taken care of, while women were stupid and born to serve men. Both of Ferns husbands concur with her mothers philosophy, so Fern spent most of her married life serving them. When the family came to see me, both children were having emotional problems. The son was a heavy user of pot and cocaine.His sister had emotional and learning problems in school. Fern had projected into her son that males were supernumerary and needed to be taken care of. Its not hard to see wherefore the son colluded with his mother. The rewards of judge her projected feelings were too hard to resist, so when he reached adolescenc e he satisfied his excessive dependency needs with drugs. The message Ferns daughter received was that she was immaterial and stupid. wherefore did Fern project these feelings onto her daughter? Fern grew up unable to develop her own career goals because her other ignored her wishes to go to college.For Fern to feel sufficiently competent and achieve some career success, she had to get rid of feelings that she was stupid and unimportant. So she projected those feelings on to her daughter and was then able to start a small business. To avoid being totally rejected by her mother, the daughter colluded by remaining stupid and unimportant to herself. Ferns reenactment with her daughter of her mothers relationship with her is a form of projective identification called identification with the aggressor,because Fern is acting as if she is her own mother and her daughter is her (when she was a child).Ferns relationship to her son is also similar to the relationship Ferns mother had to F erns brother. Because Fern is treating her children so unalikely, when they grow up they will become very different views of this family. This explains why, in therapy, siblings often talk about the same family very differently. Notice how unresolved feelings from childhood, which Fern split off and repressed, greatly affected her relationship with both children. What do you think is going on in her second marriage? Now I will present an actual transcript of part of a session I recently had with this family.As you will see, it illustrates the process of projective identification and will serve as a basis for further discussion. T Fern, I wonder, when Donald was talking about being like Roberta and John asked him a question how did you feel? F What do you slopped how did I feel? T When John asked Donald when he figured out that he was like Roberta and Donald said just now. J How do you feel about him maxim just now. T And you changed the dependent and I wondered what you were fe eling. F I dont know. I T Donald owned up to some feelings that he was like his father and that part of what he precept in Roberta was like himself.F Donald is definitely part of D No but what shes saying is that you changed the subject. That is why shes wondering if you countenance some feelings about that. T Exactly. You seemed to have moved away from what was going on here. John was talking to Donald R She doesnt command us to be like our father. T possibly that was upsetting to you? R He wasnt good to her. D Subconsciously maybe. Its deep but its there. F Well, I dont like Martin, naturally. Its true. I dont like him I dont think hes a nice person. R You dont like him at all? D She loves him but doesnt like himF I loved him but I neer liked him as a person. I never thought he was a good person that he really cared about me, that he took care of me, that he was ever concerned with me. I commemorate a couple of things that I remember having a bloody horn in one night whe n I was pregnant and he went out to work racketball and left me alone. Things like that He was mean to me he had no lenience for me. D Thats one thing, Im not like my father. F Im not saying Im trying to say I see certain characteristics of their father in them. T How does that make you feel?F How does that make me feel? I dont know. I guess part of it, not too good because I would rather them be above that, that is, above that anger, why cant they rise above that anger. I dont want them to be like that because it didnt get Martin anyplace in life. J I have a very deep question. F I dont know if I want to answer it. J You may not but how can you find that with Roberta and Donald being so a great deal alike in prsonality, like Martin, how do you separate Donalds being like Martin and accepting it from Roberta and saying Roberta is just like her father and not accepting it?F Because Donald never directed his anger at me as a person, as a human being. In other words he never he might have been angry but he never said to me he never was mean to me, whereas Roberta has been mean to me, attacked me as a person, Donald never attacked me as a person. T Donald attacked himself as a person. D Hmm. T By taking drugs. F But he never attacked me as a person. D Never, Im not a mean person. I dont have that mean streak in me. T You sure? F You may have it in you D I dont have a mean streak. F Sure, everyone T Who did you direct that meanness to?Roberta directs it out to her mother and who did you direct it to? D I direct it to her. T No R No you directed it at yourself. D Myself, yeah Im mean to myself. F You were destructive to yourself. T So what D But thats different from being destructive to other human beings. F No, maybe you would have been better off being mean to me or somebody else. Or to your father. R Lets get back to Uncle Johns question. J No this is part of the answer. D Yeah Im mean to myself. I still am. But I dont supplant myself with anything wi th any kind of substances, but I still am.R What do you mean, you still are? D Im hard on myself, critical of myself. R See, you would never think that of Donald because he walks around like hes above the world. He does. T But why would somebody walk D But Ive been working on that very heavily now T But why would someone D Thats the way I am its the way I am. T Why would someone walk around like that. D Its very basic when I was on drugs and everything like that and Im fully aware of it, aware that Im conceited and like I have that air about me Im fully aware of it.When I was on drugs I had that part to me but it wasnt as strong as it is now. T You werent aware of it then? D I wasnt really in check into of the fact that I control my conceitedness now I choose to set up that on because I have nothing, I have nothing else now. T Right D It seems its like my only defense, to be arrogant and to be conceited because I dont have anything else to back me up so I figure that wall. R Why do you need I dont need anything. D Roberta because when I was on the drugs and everything like that, it was a great wall for me to keep everybody out.Now I want everybody to think big things. Discussion Now lets look at the latent content of this session and identify the projective identifications. Fern was angry at Roberta and not at Donald why? As John pointed out with his question, Fern saw Roberta and Donald very differently, because of her projective identifications into them. Fern saw Roberta as bad and stupid, just as her mother viewed her when she was a child. She put all her badness and negative feelings into Roberta. Roberta then acted out Ferns feelings by being emotionally disturbed and acting stupid.Her emotional problems exacerbated what had been a genuine perceptual impairment. Because of her projective identification, Fern saw Donald as the good son who needed special direction and care, which was what Fern had seen between her own mother and her brother. Be cause Donald was not fully accepted by his mother, especially for those qualities that were like his natural father, he acted out his mothers feelings. He was good to her but repressed the rejected parts, turning them against himself by secretly taking drugs. Yet, his mother continued to hold him in high regard, even subsequently his habit had been found out.What Fern did was re-create the family constellation in which she had grown up. Because both children were carrying out their mothers inner life, they were unable to grow and develop their own healthy structures. The next step in therapy was to get Fern to take back the split-off parts of herself the devaluing of her daughter and the overvaluing of her son. This should help the children take back the part of themselves which they split off and repressed. In subsequent sessions, Fern and I explored what it was like growing up with her mother.She explained that her mother told her that she was stupid and that her brother was spec ial. Ferns daughter told Fern that she was doing the same thing as her mother and that the daughter felt stupid. Fern responded that she had never meant to treat her daughter as stupid. She also realized that her son had many problems and was not so special. In doing so, Fern reclaim her split-off parts, freeing her daughter to continue a healthier development. Her son was able to leave home and become more independent.