An exploration of the ways in which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are affected by the War Essays

An investigation of the manners by which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are influenced by the War Essays An investigation of the manners by which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are influenced by the War Essay An investigation of the manners by which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are influenced by the War Essay Both R.C Sheriff and Pat Barker utilize their characterisations as methods for passing on the impacts of the injuries of war on the officers in Journeys End and Regeneration. These two writings not just investigate the pressure and passionate issues the men suffered in light of the abhorrences of war, yet additionally the manners by which they adapted to or attempted to get away from them. Excursions End and Regeneration approach these ideas in now and again comparative manners which can be legitimately connected, yet at different occasions in differentiating ways. While Journeys End represents the impacts of war on the men on the cutting edge in the channels, Regeneration centers around the enduring of the repercussions of war of the fighters their time at Craiglockhart Hospital. In Journeys End it is evident that Stanhope is influenced by his encounters of war and goes to liquor in endeavor to adapt to his misery. Different friends know that his propensity has heightened Hardy remarks that he never saw an adolescent set aside the bourbon he does and they understand how his conduct repudiates his old standards. Sheriff exhibits Stanhopes going before austere way of life through Raleighs adoration, once at school he got a few chaps in concentrate with a container of whiskeyThe rooftop almost brushed off. This particular differentiation in character, shows the manner by which war could change the warriors conduct significantly. Stanhope shows distrustfulness through his longing to peruse Raleighs letters, underlining his need to control all letters and urges Osborne to cross out what (Stanhope) says about (him). Through his requests, Sheriff depicts Stanhope as being embarrassed about the individual war has made him. Barkers depiction of Anderson in Regeneratio n can be contrasted with Stanhope, as he also leaves the war a changed character as an immediate consequence of his encounters. His psychosomatic battle to confront his dread of blood is exhibited through his consistent bad dreams, frequenting him with pictures of astonishing wounds of his patients. It is apparent from the common pictures of blood it siphoned out of him that Anderson gets debilitated by the dread of blood, and hence, unfit accommodating his family. Sheriff utilizes Trotter to delineate an elective manner by which the troopers adapted to the strains of war. So as to cause an opportunity to go okay, Trotter blacks (hovers) in to separate every hour. In addition to the fact that this demonstrates the fighters urgency for the war to end yet in addition shows the nonattendance of the idea of time in the channels. These dark circles inspire pictures of projectile openings, demonstrating that the idea of war is consistently on the warriors psyches and they battle to get away from such considerations. Trotter is additionally used to make a feeling of triteness all through the play, through his steady yearning for food. He perceives the beautiful smell of bacon! what's more, speaks with Mason about food. It becomes obvious that Trotter eats for comfort, along these lines that Stanhope drinks. His remark that wars awful enough with pepper, yet without pepperits bleeding dreadful, makes happy alleviation against the truth of war and demis e. This sudden change in standard style gives a differentiation in the play, giving the crowd a feeling of ordinariness, which is indisputably a manner by which the officers endeavor to adapt to their regular battles in the channels. Likewise, the officers in Journeys End utilize inconsequential games, for example, earwig hustling, not exclusively to breathe easy, yet additionally as an endeavor to shield themselves from the mental impacts of the war. The men show energy in playing such youngster like games: in the event that you need to get the best pace out of an earwig, plunge it in bourbon causes em to go like hellfire!, proposing that they are experiencing lost youth because of entering the war at such a youthful age, making them return to their youth ways. So also, this idea develops in Regeneration. At the point when Burns welcomes Rivers to his home, he appears as though a kid attempting to recall what it was that adults said to recently showed up visitors. Here Barker shows how youngsters could frequently stay guiltless and na㠯⠿â ½ve through the massacre of war. Moreover, Barker features the way that Burns has been matured by the war and resembles a scarecrow. This delineation inspires pictures of a skinny, hunchbacked man with endured skin and an empty and bland face. The Sam Browne belt, clustering the free texture round his abdomen integrated him could be deciphered as an allegory the belt being simply the one thing that is holding together inwardly. Because of being pressurized to develop so quickly in turning into a skipper, Burns is demonstrated to be experiencing lost youth, both genuinely and intellectually. An unmistakable differentiation showed between the two writings is the level of authenticity set up through language and the characters varying perspectives of war. The characters in Journeys End are continually endeavoring to see war in a positive light and receive an idealistic outlook all through their time in the channels. Sentimental symbolism is a typical strategy utilized in endeavor to adapt to the mental frightening evoked by their horrendous encounters. Stanhope and Osborne depict the dawn utilizing positive modifiers, for example, stunning and amazing, inciting pictures of a sentimental setting where fights happen. Thus, it very well may be contended that this depiction gives an unreasonable depiction of war. Besides, despite the fact that Osbornes correlation among game and fight may appear to be genuine when he alludes to no-keeps an eye ashore as the expansiveness of a rugger field, his relationship between them may likewise be seen as a sentimental recognition, as it m oves from the war. Accordingly, Sherriff represents, through the warriors optimistic view of war as a game, how they adapted sincerely by belittling viewpoints concerning war. In Regeneration, Barker maybe gives a more genuine point of view of war through her utilization of sensible and regularly realistic language, a prime model being that Burns had the opportunity to understand that what filled his nose and mouth was deteriorating human tissue. Through this immediate and sober minded methodology, Barker investigates the various impacts experienced by the fighters through different characters: Burns awful occurrence on the cutting edge makes him remember the repulsions he had always wanted and from each bad dream he stirred spewing. Sassoon endures structure comparable impacts, as his fantasies are talked about legitimately in the novel, the asphalt was canvassed in cadavers. Barkers legitimate and direct methodology gives the peruser an exact knowledge into the mental misery experienced by the officers. In any case, the idea of troopers utilizing sentiment and idealism found in Journeys End, trying to avoid the passionate impacts, can likewise be found in Regeneration, through the characters Owen and Prior. Owens verse at first gives him idealism from the war, as he asserts that he has consistently thought of p-verse as something contrary to all that. The offensiveness. He understands that verse is something to t-take asylu m in. Earlier feels provocative while strolling into no-keeps an eye ashore, passing on how warriors regularly utilized sexuality to disconnect themselves from the hopelessness of war; here, Barker shows that men frequently adapted to the difficulty of war by focussing on sex. The two creators show how fighters can get psychosomatic in light of war. In Journeys End, Sherrif utilizes Hibbert to offer direct knowledge in to the mental harm perpetrated on the men. Hibbert claims he cannot stick it any more extended because of experiencing neuralgia. Regardless of Stanhopes dismissal to this and his perspective on him being a worm and a shirker, Hibbert keeps up that he needs to go debilitated. When faced by Stanhope, Hibbert is appeared with his eyes firmly spoiled as he stands shuddering, obviously giving a picture of somebody whos mental state is truly affected by the war. A comparable idea is passed on by Barker through Willard, who asserts that he is deadened notwithstanding Doctors letting him know There was no injury to the spine. Waterways reasons that loss of motion happens on the grounds that a man needs to spare his life from partaking in some sad fight. Thus to Hibbert, Willard is hesitant to yield whatever may propose his ailment was not absolutel y physical. It is clear that he comes to understand that I cannot walk since I dont need to return. It tends to be reasoned that, albeit the two writings exhibit the impacts of war, the writers receive comparative and different strategies for representing how the revulsions of war can scar men mentally and genuinely. The aftereffects of war on the men in the two writings can regularly be legitimately connected, in spite of Sherriff and Barkers interchange styles of approach.

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How does Shakespeare present conflict at the start of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

How does Shakespeare present clash toward the beginning of Romeo and Juliet Essay Clarify how Shakespeare presents the topic of brutality in this piece of the play. The primary thing to note about this scene is that it happens directly toward the beginning of the play. I believe that this scene exists to set up and feature one of the key clashes in the play in general. It happens after a genuine battle between the Montagues and Capulets. This fight’s prime instigator is Tybalt who when asked by Benvollio to assist him with keeping the harmony says: â€Å"What drawn and discuss harmony. I loathe the word, As I detest heck, all Montagues, and thee: Have at thee, coward!† Obviously then this is a profound situated clash that is answerable for upsetting the harmony in Verona and it is the Prince’s employment to reestablish request in this scene. In this way directly toward the beginning of the scene he calls them ‘profaners’. This is emotive language and assists with underlining the Prince’s scorn for both of the families and their contention. The crowd when they hear language like this will at that point partner the two families as being not being strict and being against God and His motivations. The disdain that the Prince and the crowd should feel for both of the battling families is additionally stressed in the portrayal of their blades as ‘neighbor-recolored steel’. Obviously what the Prince is attempting to feature here is that the two families are carrying on in an extremely childish juvenile way and are demonstrating an unchristian respect for their neighbors. Along these lines brutality is appeared in this scene as being something that is trivial, idiotic and conflicting with God. Following on from this the topic of brutality is additionally accentuated through the Prince’s utilization of a non-serious inquiry: â€Å"Will they not hear?† I believe that Shakespeare purposely utilizes this procedure here to show how negligent the two families are in their disdain for one another. Plainly the disdain between them runs so profound that they can't and won't tune in to individuals who are attempting to intercede among them and attempting to keep the harmony. This is additionally stressed later on in the line by the Prince depicting them as ‘beasts’. I imagine that Shakespeare purposely utilizes this word to help stress exactly how frightful the viciousness between the two families are. A mammoth is a creature. Along these lines, to the Prince, the negligent brutality between them has ventured to such an extreme as to remove their humankind. Again in the following line Shakespeare has additionally underscored the Prince’s aversion and ill will towards the two families and even how exhausted he is with their steady quarreling by utilizing the emotive language of: â€Å"your malignant rage’ This assists with underlining that to the Prince it is both families’ activities that are harmfully affecting his city and that they are bit by bit being ruinous through their activities. As indicated by the Prince the main thing that will assist with chilling the men’s feelings off and will stop all the viciousness is: â€Å"purple wellsprings giving from your veins† What the Prince implies here is that just by the men’s spilt blood will they quiet down. This doesn't appear as though a compelling method to save the harmony and assists with indicating that for reasons unknown brutality has become a lifestyle for the individuals included the fight. What is the reason for this viciousness the crowd would normally ask now in the discourse? Obviously, as per the Prince, that the reason for a large portion of the savagery is just a ‘airy word’. The implications of ‘airy’ are something that is unsubstantial, something that is scarcely even there. In this way the depiction of savagery in this piece of the play by Shakespeare is of activities that don’t have a reason, that are incre4dibly unsafe and don’t appear to be tied in with anything much specifically. Without a doubt then we as the crowd will somewhat feel for the Prince and his job to help keep the harmony. This can be seen later on in the play when Tybalt gets into a battle with Mercutio. One of the key minutes in the play is when Tybalt says: â€Å"Mercutio thou consortst with Romeo† This could be viewed as being simply well disposed ‘banter’ anyway to the two families it is apparently jokey things individuals state to one another interpretation of immense importance. For me then these ‘airy words’ have an enormous effect in light of the fact that the solid feeling of pride these characters have and how they can't allow things to slide. I think this assists with underlining what I believe is the enormous exercise that Shakespeare is attempting to instruct us about savagery in the play and that will be that will be that brutality is frequently observed by individuals who are not participating or who are blameless onlookers as being silly and harming.

Being a true disciple of Jesus Essay Example for Free

Being a genuine follower of Jesus Essay A03. It is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to be a genuine supporter of Jesus in the cutting edge world Do you concur? Christianity is an overall religion and this persuades it is conceivable to be a genuine pupil in the advanced world. Current Christians accept that they are called to follow the model Jesus set. They invest energy finding the lessons of Jesus from the holy book and attempting to incorporate those lessons. (Michael Keene). There are numerous instances of cutting edge Christians. Clerics, Nuns and teachers are instances of individuals who commit their entire lives to God. Oscar Romero was an ecclesiastical overseer in El Salvador where the administration has continually damaged human rights. There are likewise numerous individuals living in destitution. Oscar took a stand in opposition to the administration in lessons. In 1980 he was gunned somewhere near four conceal men. His final words were May Christs penance give us the fearlessness to offer our own bodies for equity and harmony. I accept that Romero is a case of somebody who followed Jesus model and was a genuine supporter. Numerous strict individuals take pledges of neediness with the goal that God is put first above everything and that they don't get occupied by cash. The Rich Man didnt take this promise. It is a lot harder for a rich individual to enter the realm of God than for a camel to experience the aperture of a needle. (10:25). Maximilian Kolbe was a clean Catholic cleric who was captured and taken to Auschwitz, one of the Nazi concentration camps, in 1941. Following three weeks of drying out and starvation, just four of the ten men were as yet alive, including Kolbe. During the time in the phone, he drove the men in melodies and supplication. One day the watchmen chose a man to be tormented to death yet Kolbe said take me. The cells were required, and Kolbe and the other three were executed with an infusion of carbolic corrosive in the left arm. His chivalry reverberated through the camp and in 1982 he was made a holy person. He once stated, My point in life is to serve others. He relinquished his life for another and put God at the focal point of his life. This describes his as a genuine supporter. Corrymeela is a harmony bunch on the Antrim coast in Northern Ireland. The people group is comprised of Protestants and Roman Catholics. They live respectively, cooperate and revere together. It is where individuals can meet to examine their disparities in an air of common regard and trust. I think the individuals associated with Corrymeela are acceptable advanced devotees. In any case, there are numerous difficulties that make being a current devotee troublesome. War, scorn and brutality make it extremely difficult to cherish our neighbor and excuse. The occasion of the world exchange community crumbling because of a fear monger assault on September eleventh is a case of a troublesome time to pardon. 2992 individuals were murdered because of this assault. We live in a consumerist society were the accentuation on riches is incredible. This can prompt shameful acts and narrow-mindedness. It occupies Christians from carrying on with a Christian life and makes it hard for them to be genuine followers. Quite a while back there wasnt any exchanging on a Sunday allowing for supplication and love. These days most shops are open from 1pm to 6pm this allows for the individuals who work to implore and revere. It affects our Christian way of life. Current good difficulties, for example, premature birth are unchristian. Numerous ladies have this technique done to expel an embryo from their belly. Individuals consider this to be a type of homicide and that it is indecent. I trust it to be conceivable to be a genuine devotee of Jesus in the advanced world, in spite of the fact that it is exceptionally troublesome as there are numerous obstructions in the manner. Christians today despite everything consider it to be being their obligation to spread the Good News of Jesus Christ to other people. This might be by accomplishing teacher work or all the more basically by experienced the Christian life and being a model for other people.

Death Penalty Essays - Penology, Free Essays, Term Papers

Capital punishment Essays - Penology, Free Essays, Term Papers Capital punishment Capital punishment One of the most questionable issues the United States has over and over managed in late memory has been the foundation of capital punishment. Presently, the choice whether to actualize capital punishment is a state level decision which obviously makes across the country difference alongside some degree of social turmoil. The two positions regarding this matter are fairly high contrast, either professional capital punishment or con-capital punishment. The best type of usage anyway is con-capital punishment for an assortment of reasons including; associated focusing with racial minorities, government's entitlement to end an actual existence, just as American residents succumbing to savage and surprising discipline. There are fundamentally different sides in the issue of focusing on racial minorities, the individuals who concur that minorities are being focused on and the individuals who concur that they just carry out most of wrongdoings in the United States. In the year 2007, African Americans represented around 13 percent of the whole populace yet, almost 50 percent of those waiting for capital punishment were African American (NAACP). Those numbers are evident paying little mind to your position on the issue. The end will be indistinguishable, African Americans, in relation to their populace, carry out a larger number of violations than racial greater parts, explicitly White Caucasians, with respect to their populace (Peffley, Hurwitz, 1002). The ethical situation that follows is obviously whether blacks are unreasonably put waiting for capital punishment just due to their race or if the violations they submit are particularly offensive and additionally plentiful. Another difficult that must be tended to is destitution's job in the spread of wrongdoing and thus the utilization of capital punishment. Presently, destitution breeds wrongdoing, and across America, blacks just as different minorities, are regularly devastated which much of the time drives them into an existence of wrongdoing. American help of capital punishment has influenced all through the twentieth century, yet has commonly stayed solid, cresting at around 80 percent support in 1994 (Soss, Langbin, Metelko, 403). Anyway because of racial variations in the 21st century, support has progressively declined to 68 percent in 2002 (Soss, Langbin, Metelko, 404). America positioned fifth on the planet in number of executions in the year 2009, slaughtering 52 convicts and with about portion of them being African American, the contention for racial focusing to emerge again was inescapable and a decrease in the help of capital punishment can be normal (Soss, Langbin, Metelko, 412). The most impressive and compellin g country on the planet ought to in no way, shape or form support nor actualize such crude activities, for example, the executions of individuals. There is no uncertainty that blacks and different minorities are all the more promptly put waiting for capital punishment and the contention with respect to why that is will be a conspicuous issue in the U.S. for a considerable length of time to come. What gives the legislature the option to end a real existence? For what reason must America succumb to an ethical chain of importance? No place in the American constitution does it award the legislature the option to choose a person's destiny. No place does it express that those in the administration are unrivaled creatures favored with a type of Mandate of Heaven. So for what reason are government authorities choosing whether an American Citizen lives or bites the dust? The key main factor in looking for capital punishment for a suspect being attempted is intensely subjective and to some degree trifling. On the off chance that the wrongdoing carried out has all the earmarks of being incredibly bizarre and uncouth, for example, human flesh consumption or assault, the court may look for capital punishment exclusively on the reason that the wrongdoing was terrible as well as obtuse ( in their eyes). For instance, a couple of years prior in the sequential executing marksman instance of John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, Allen who was in his mid-40's was condemned to death in light of his uncontrolled killings over various states. His associate, Malvo, was underage yet the examiner despite everything looked for capital punishment as far as concerns him in the killings. Regardless of the way that he was simply a kid the equity framework needed to see him dead, presently that isn't to excuse his activities or excuse them, yet the unadulterated tasteful proof all things considered drove the framework to look for death for a kid (Morse, B.5). An official choices in

Groupon

Groupon © Shutterstock.com | Gil C Groupon is a daily deals website operating globally. It has remained a popular option for those looking to find great deals and offers. In this article, we will look at 1) what is Groupon?, 2) products, 3) business model and key components, and 4) learning from Groupon’s success.WHAT IS GROUPON?The CompanyGroupon began operations in 2008 from Chicago and shortly following this from Boston, New York City and Toronto. Within a year, the website began serving more than 150 markets inside the United States and about a 100 markets in Europe, Asia and South America.The name is a play on the words group and coupon signifying the business of the company. The website is a daily deals provider that features gift certificates at a discount from different types of companies. Groupon was created by Andrew Mason with financial backing from a former employer, Eric Lefkofsky. Mason ran the company as CEO till 2013, when he was asked to leave the company after a failure to meet targets and raise pr ofitability.After enjoying rapid success initially, the company went into a negative spiral and reported a fourth quarter loss of $9.8 million in 2011.History of GrouponMason’s project began as a campaign and fund raising website called ThePoint.com. The website used a system called ‘the tipping point’ which meant that a donation would only be charged if a certain number of people contributed to the campaign. When the business transitioned from ThePoint to Groupon, the same idea was used, meaning that a Groupon deal only went through if a certain number of people bought it. If this limit was reached, then Groupon would charge its fee otherwise it would not. This was a major point of encouragement for vendors to come onboard and offer different deals to draw in business.The first deal was an offer on pizza at half price from a restaurant on the first floor of the Groupon office in Chicago in October 2008. Twenty people bought the deal. Groupon quickly expanded within the US and went from calling multiple vendors every day to ask for deals to accepting only one in eight vendors that wanted to be featured on the site.Groupon continued its expansion by moving into international markets. One way of doing this was by purchasing and rebranding existing similar deal-of-the-day services. Some of these have been MyCityDeal in Europe, ClanDescuento in South America, Qpod.jp in Japan and Darberry.ru in Russia. Others have been Beeconomic.com in Singapore, SoSasta.com in India, uBuyiBuy in HongKong and GroupsMore in Malaysia. All of these were acquired between 2010 and 2011. In 2012, the company purchased Mertado, a Facebook based social shopping service and Breadcrumb which is a point of sale system and application for iPads targeting local restaurants. Based on these purchases, Groupon created access to other types of businesses to add to its repertoire. By the end of 2012, the company also purchased Savored which was a high end restaurant reservation and discount site. This gave the company access to these higher end restaurants, as well as a separate independently run business.These acquisitions continued in 2012 with a real-time location sharing mobile application called Glassmap and a European travel application called Blink that provides short notice hotel reservations. In December 2013, the company reported the highest weekend of sales since it was founded in 2008, with billings up 30 percent year over year.MarketsAny new market targeted in first explored and mapped out by employees who identify successful local businesses. These are then approached with an explanation of the Groupon model and social media sites are used as promotional tools.At present, Groupon serves nearly 500 markets in 48 countries. These include markets in the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Argentina, Peru Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Israel, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, Russia, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Indo nesia, India, South Africa, Morocco, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, and Norway.In 2011, the company launched in China with a joint venture. Groupon and Tencent joined together to launch Gaopeng. The venture struggled initially and eventually merged with Futuan. In the same year, Groupon also expanded in the Middle East with the launch of Groupon UAE as well as into New Zealand.Groupon’s Indian expansion came about with the purchase of a local version of itself called SoSasta also in 2011. The new venture was named Crazeal later that year and with the acquisition of the relevant domain name it was once again renamed to Groupon by 2012.Learn How Groupon Works! PRODUCTSGroupon products are not targeted towards everyone as the offered deals are most often in the category of things people want rather than the things they need. The major target audience are young urban pro fessionals who want to explore the city they are in at an affordable manner. Groupon deals allow people to try out products and services that they may otherwise not have attempted to purchase. The most common types of Groupon deals are for:Restaurants, bars, hotels, bed and breakfasts, and getawaysSpas and resortsFitness centers and specific classes such as yoga, Pilates, or spinningHair and nail careCosmetic dentistry procedures and other cosmetic proceduresLaundry and dry cleaningAssorted classesSmall local retailersMost often, the deal is a 50 percent discount on a specific product or service. The deals can range from $20 to $2,999 for a variety of items. There are restrictions that apply to almost deals. There are expiration dates on usage or deals only for new users. Some restaurants may offer deals on a restricted menu excluding alcohol. For this reason, all fine print should be read carefully when deciding to avail a deal.BUSINESS MODEL KEY COMPONENTSThe Groupon business mod el has shown immense promise in the past. Though recently there has been some criticism based on the company’s inability to meet profit targets, a change in management could prove to be the solution needed by the business to continue its past success. Any business model is made up of several components that interact with each other. The Groupon business model has the following components.Business Model ComponentsKey PartnersMainly, Groupon’s partners are the companies that offer deals on the website. In addition to these, there are also the investors that have injected capital into the enterprise since it was a startup.Key ActivitiesKey activities for Groupon may includeAcquisitions of companies and negotiations of partner setupsCreative writing for daily dealsWebsite maintenance and upgradesCustomer communicationsCustomer data managementAdvertising decisionsKey ResourcesKey resources are those assists that are vital to keep the business going. For Groupon, these resources inclu de intellectual ones such as detailed customer databases. These databases allow customization of offers for the clients. The established brand name garners trust and is a vital asset. The people who work for Groupon are vital for their creativity and innovation. Financial resources are also necessary to continue to expand and serve clients in the best way possible.Value PropositionGroupon’s value proposition to its clients is the offer of low prices for items that the customer wants together with convenience and accessibility. The deals are localized to ensure that the right people are offered the right deal.For businesses, Groupon offers a connection to the right client base, offering a platform for advertising, as well as the opportunity to generate new clients. The time limit on deals ensures that people buy immediately when otherwise they would stop and think. The tipping point allows for the business to gain enough offers for a deal to make it viable for them to sell it.Custo mer RelationshipsHighly customized emails open a channel of communication with the customer that helps retain customer for future repeat business. Customers are offered items of their interest and kept updated on what is offered.Customer SegmentsBroadly, Groupon has two segments of customers. The first is the customer who wants to buy the deal on offer and the second is the business who is offering this deal. These two segments have drastically different motives and Groupon needs to work to create a balance between them. According to Groupon, a majority of their users are women. Generally, the segment is made of younger users who range in age between 18 and 34. The company further segments them based on their demographics, purchase history and interests.ChannelsGroupon uses various communication channels to reach clients. These include personalized regular emails. Another channel is regional and national advertising campaigns to reach even more customers and encourage them to use th e service. Other advertising channels include newspapers, magazines and even radio and television.Cost StructureOne of the main costs for the company are advertising. This includes the personalized and regular emails, as well as all other channels. Other part of costs are infrastructure which include office space, servers etc., as well as human resource which is the employees. Yet another aspect of the cost structure is the massive investments the company makes for expansion usually through acquisitions.Revenue StreamsGroupon’s revenue streams are based directly on the number of deals sold and the actual cost of the deal. Groupon charges for deals that meet minimum user criteria. Businesses are also charged a subscription fee while the service remains free for the customer. Ad space is also sold as a small revenue stream.Groupon USPGroupon has many competitors that offer a similar or competing product offering. What makes Groupon unique is their prices and the type of deals they o ffer. Groupon uses a large sales force that successfully negotiates deals from businesses for clients. As for the type of deals on offer, the company has managed to successfully create a business based on what customers want rather than what they need. Offering attractive discounts on these wants ensures that people remain tempted to keep coming back. Groupon has also leveraged excellent writing, humor and media such as email to maintain a connection with the customer base.LEARNING FROM GROUPON’S SUCCESSLessons to Learn for EntrepreneursCreating an Online Organizational PersonalityEssentially, Groupon relies on people to read through a daily deals newsletter. Most often, people are likely to get bored with these after a while and unsubscribe. Groupon has managed a series of steps that ensure that the likelihood of this happening is significantly reduced. Some of these steps are:Creating Personality: When a person clicks unsubscribe to a Groupon email, they get to meet Derrick. The photo below shows who Derrick is. This interesting, somewhat personal image may get a laugh out of people and encourage them to subscribe again.A likable online personality makes it relatively easier for a company to build and maintain customer loyalty and interest. This loyalty makes it easier to deal with any actions or events that may otherwise damage the brand. Most businesses can achieve this to some degree by adding some extra interest in their web based communications and their websites. Whatever attempt is made to create a personality however, should be in keeping with the brand’s identity and support overall long term goals.Create a Blog: A blog can be a great way to stay connected and show the human side of a business to its clients. A blog is more informal and allows a look into the people who are behind the brand. The level of customer engagement that can be achieved through a blog is difficult to achieve through other mediums. A blog starts a conversation that allows readers to join in to respond, critique and share points of view. In addition, a blog offers a great way to achieve organic search engine optimization.Focus on Website Content: Many companies may spend a lot of resources on having a fancy website designed and created, but not pay too much attention of what material is to go on it. Well written content that supports the company philosophy can help create an interesting corporate personality. Functional content is not enticing for viewers and will not be a source of repeat visits.Be Interesting on Social Media: Take Twitter as an example. There are many organizations that post in a generic detached sort of way. This can be boring and uninteresting for readers and they will not care about the brand at all. There should always be some basic organizational criteria to stay within when positing on social media, but beyond that, the people responsible for these pages and posts should be encouraged to inject personality into them by postin g interesting links, continue conversations, and be humorous â€" all in keeping with the persona that the company aims to create.Respond: A likeable company will most likely be one that responds to queries, criticism, feedback and observations in a timely way. This includes any mediums being used such as Twitter, Facebook, a blog, or other blogs where the company may be mentioned. An individualized response shows that there are human behind a brand who are sympathetic and caring.3 Business Lessons to Learn from GrouponThe Groupon business is not new or particularly innovative. It is the way the business is run that forms the basis of its popularity. There are three major lessons than any new business can learn from the Groupon example. These are:Keep it Simple: Groupon sells a simple product â€" great deals â€" in a simple way. The methods are easy to understand and the website is easy to use. This ensures that potential customers are not scared away by the need to understand a comp licated offer.Differentiate by Branding: Groupon can essentially be seen as a simple newsletter campaign that sells coupons. The most frequently used channel of communication is email which is not the most innovative form of reaching the customer in today’s world. However, by ensuring highly customized emails that are tailor made for the recipient and excellent writing to make them readable, the company has managed to create a differentiated image for itself.Solve a Problem: Groupon solves problems for both the vendor who offers a deal and the customer who buys it. The vendor is able to gain some publicity as well as new users or members. The customer is able to secure a great price for a product or service that they may want and is not a necessity. This ability to be a problem solver keeps it a popular intermediary.Andrew Mason: What Ive Learned at Groupon Potential ProblemsWhile Groupon continues to make sales and connect customers with vendors, its profitability remains a quest ion mark. The company fired its CEO and founder in 2013 in light of continued inability to become profitable and falling stock prices. Companies like Groupon are easy to setup but appear to be difficult to sustain. The challenge is to keep both customers and vendors happy and this is no easy endeavor as both have drastically opposite goals. These challenges will require the company to rethink its strategy and business model in order to remain relevant and profitable.

The Country Wife and Reversal of Power Dynamics - Literature Essay Samples

Throughout Wycherley’s play The Country Wife, characters reverse the time period’s normal power dynamics of reputation and gender to create power from a state of powerlessness. While certain characters appear to be powerful due to their status, honor and reputation, other seemingly powerless characters are able to gain power over these characters through trickery. The protagonist Horner deliberately places himself and his reputation in a situation seen as powerless and deceptively manages to gain power over many of the other characters. The women of the play, in a less powerful position due to the time period’s unfortunate gender roles rather than by choice, similarly use deception to gain power over their apparently more powerful husbands by using Horner’s treachery to their advantage. Wycherley, in showing that the play’s women are only able to gain power by taking advantage of Horner’s improbable situation, may have been ridiculing the per iod’s gender roles and suggesting that they were unjust. While it may seem more likely that one would gain the most power from a strong reputation and good status, the protagonist Horner purposefully tarnished his own reputation in order to gain more power in an unexpected way. Power in The Country Wife tends to consist of the ability to threaten another character, usually in a sexual nature. Husbands fear that they will be made cuckolds if their wives sleep with other men. Horner spread a rumor that a botched surgery had left him impotent, leaving his friends and acquaintances with the perception that he has lost power, and is even less of a man. At the end of a drawn out joke concerning store signs, his friend Sparkish delivers the punchline â€Å"Did you never see Master Horner? He lodges in Russell Street, and he’s a sign of a man, you know, since he came out of France!† (Wycherley 1.1.273-5). Sparkish suggests that, since Horner is now apparently â€Å"impotent,† he is no longer truly a man, just an indication of one. A store sign is a physical representation of what the store holds, but offers nothing else beyond that. Similarly, Horner is now seen as a representation of a man who is incapable of enacting manly activities, such as reproduction. By losing his ability to reproduce, he loses the one power he would otherwise have over other men that they appear most concerned about; the ability to threaten other men with the prospect of becoming cuckolds. Now that he is seen as a eunuch, he is granted freer access to his friends’ wives. Another friend of his, Sir Jaspar, after affirming for himself the rumor that Horner is now practically a eunuch, tells him â€Å"Pray come and dine with me, and play at cards with my wife after dinner; you are fit for women at that game yet,† (1.1.106-7). He first shows that he has been deceived by Horner enough to trust him in the company of his wife by inviting him into her presence. He then compares Horner to a women. Women, in the time of the play, still lacked most forms of power, which shows that he perceived Horner as less powerful because of his physical state. The phrase â€Å"fit for women at that game† also carries the implication that he is not fit for women at other â€Å"games,† namely, sexual intercourse, another indication that he no longer sees Horner as a threat who holds any form of power over him. Ironically, his confidence that Horner will not be able t o make him a cuckold is exactly what turns him into a cuckold. Horner, by making himself seem less powerful and less of a threat, gains more power over the husbands than they are able to perceive by taking advantage of his allowed proximity to the play’s married women, many of which become his lovers. The play’s women, too, gain power over their husbands, power being defined as the ability to threaten. Whereas Horner acted deceptively to alter his public perception so he would be seen as less powerful, the play’s women are intrinsically less powerful simply due to their gender. While Horner acted to augment his power over the play’s men, the women act deceptively in order to gain power over men which they never had to begin with. Their power is the ability to use trickery to secretly subvert the wishes of their husbands and, like Horner, to turn husbands into cuckolds. The most restricted of the play’s women, Margery Pinchwife, is frequently locked up by her husband so she will not leave the house and have an affair, particularly with Horner. When her husband finds her writing a letter to Horner, however, she makes it seem as if she is doing a favor for Alithea. Concerning Alithea, Margery’s husband says â€Å"Well, I resolve it; Horner shall ha ve her. I’d rather give him my sister than lend him my wife, and such an alliance will prevent his pretensions to my wife† (5.1.64-6). This is another statement heavy in dramatic irony. Margery disguises herself as Alithea, so Pinchwife is, in truth, â€Å"lending Horner [his] wife,† and the â€Å"alliance† created when the disguised Margery and Horner meet is exactly the one Pinchwife was trying to avoid. Margery here gains power over her husband by tricking him into allowing her to make him a cuckold. The power wielded by Horner and his lovers is shown to the audience most explicitly in the way they talk to each other in front of the husbands. Particularly in the notorious â€Å"china scene,† Horner and the wives speak in ways that make it clear to the audience that they are having an affair, but that the husbands believe are innocent conversations because they, still believing Horner to be impotent, are ignorant of the implications. The china scene begins with Horner and Lady Fidget locked in a room while her husband Sir Jaspar and their friend Squeamish stand outside. When they exit, Fidget says that she has â€Å"been toiling and moiling for the prettiest piece of china† (4.3.87-8). The word â€Å"china† in this play has already been given sexual connotations, though they were subtle and may not be picked up on until Squeamish also requests that Horner give her china. Fidget tells her â€Å"to my certain knowledge he has no more left† (4.3.197-8), in sinuating that she finished him off and he no longer has the energy to have sex again. Squeamish persists, so Horner tells her â€Å"I cannot make china for you all, but I will have a roll-wagon for you too, another time† (4.3.203-4). A â€Å"roll-wagon† refers to a cylindrical china vase, clearly a phallic symbol, indicating that Horner is offering to satisfy her sexual needs as well once he is physically able to. (4.3. footnote 204). It is still possible to interpret the scene as innocent until Fidget asks Horner, regarding what he had just told Squeamish, â€Å"What do you mean by that promise?† and Horner responds â€Å"Alas, she has an innocent, literal understanding† (4.3.206-7). Said as an aside, Horner’s claim that Squeamish understands this conversation literally is an admission to the audience that he and Fidget have been speaking metaphorically. Depending on how Squeamish’s character is acted, the audience could interpret her actions as an innocent request for decorative china, or, if she asks suggestively, a request for sex. Horner’s offer of a phallic symbol suggests, however, that he and Squeamish also have an agreement and that she too is speaking metaphorically. Here, Horner is the only person in the room who knows the entirety of the situation. Sir Jaspar believes that Horner is still speaking innocently. His statement that Horner’s kisses â€Å"have no mo re hurt in’t than one of my spaniel’s† (4.3.231) shows that he believes Horner has no more power to make him a cuckold than the lick of a dog. Here, again, a character displays a belief that Horner is now less powerful due to his physical state, this time comparing him to an animal. While Horner said that Squeamish â€Å"has an innocent, literal understanding,† this line applies much better to Jaspar, as he is the only person in the room who does not make the connection between china and sex. In this scene, Horner, Fidget and Squeamish flaunt the power they have gained over Jaspar and the other men of the play by openly talking about their affairs using metaphors that are obvious to the audience but are not understood by Jaspar. Horner, who, as a man, began the play with more power, still has the most power in the room, as he is still deceiving both women into believing that they are the only ones he is having an affair with. The women, however, still mana ged to raise themselves into a position of power over their husbands by making them cuckolds without their realizing, giving themselves sexual freedom. Despite the misogyny that appears in certain moments of the play, Wycherley portrays the women as actual human beings who are just as complex and flawed as the men, and are frequently cleverer than their husbands. The playwright may have been calling attention to the unnecessary restrictions of women’s freedom by showing that the only way the play’s women could gain any sort of power from their powerless status was through the highly absurd situation with Horner and his own manipulation of power. Wycherley was likely not entirely altruistic due to the prevailing views of the time period, seeing as the male Horner still had the most power. However, the fact that his female characters were unable to gain agency or power in any way other than taking advantage of a man pretending to be a eunuch may have been an indication that there was something horribly wrong with gender roles and norms. He may have been suggesting that there should be easier ways for women to gain power and freedom.

Police Stop Search

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 9144 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Legality of the Police Stop and Search Powers Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty when the Governments purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding. Justice Louis D. Brandeis, dissenting in Olmstead v. United States, 277 US 479 (1928) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Police Stop Search | Criminology Dissertations" essay for you Create order Introduction The Home Office reports there were 50,000 racially or religiously motivated hate crimes in the UK in 2005 alone and an estimated total o f260,000 reported and unreported incidences of such hate crime . In the recent debates over the Racial and Religious Hatred Act (RRHA) 2006attention was drawn to the fact that one of the primary purposes of the legislation was varyingly described as exhorting the communities to respect each others different backgrounds. And a pragmatic response to increasing interethnic tensions, ensuring that diverse groups can cohabit peacefully . What these dialogues highlight is the seriousness with which the legislature, reflecting at least a majority of society, views the deleterious effects of racism on social cohesion. Undoubtedly many of the concerns about the fabric of our society are caused by concerns over recent geo-political events across the globe. In particular the publicity of the terrorist bodies that have carried outa number of attacks since the turn of the century in New York, Washington, Bali, Casablanca, Jakarta, Istanbul, Madrid and London have made certain races and religions, in particular Muslims, synonymous with violence and extremist activities. These fuel already pre-existent religious tendencies. However, in many ways the governments approach tithe issue of terrorism and its inherent links to an increase in interethnic tensions have been flawed. A quick review of the anti-terror legislation passed since the Labour government came to power illustrates the point: The Terrorism Act 2000,Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, The Terrorism Act 2006 and Terrorism (Northern Ireland) Act2006. This doesnt even include all the Statutory Instruments such as The Schedule 7 to the Terrorism Act 2000 (Information) Order 2002, The Terrorism Act 2000 (Business in the Regulated Sector and Supervisory Authorities) Order 2003 and The Terrorism Act 2000 (Continuance of Patria) Order 2004 . There has not been a year since the turn of the century when terrorism hasnt been on the legislative agenda and the upshot has been an exponential growth in police powers stemming from this flurry of legislative activity. There was an extension of police powers by Part V of the Terrorism Act 2000, Part 10 of taint-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (ACSA) 2001, ss.5 and 8 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 and Part II of the Terrorism Act 2006. Thus what the foregoing highlights is that on the one hand the government is attempting to prevent racist attacks and incitement of such feelings through the RRHA 2006 but also widening the discretionary powers of the police. It is exactly these kinds of beneficent aims that Justice Brandeis was talking about that can end up causing infringements on liberty. In the recent case of A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department the courts were faced with a Human Rights challenge to the provisions under the ACSA 2001 held them in breach. It was described by Lady Justice Arden as decision that will be used as a point of reference by courts all over the world for decades to come, even when the age of terrorism has passed. It is a powerful statement by the highest court in the land of what it means to live in a society where the executive is subject tithe rule of 1aw . These decisions which have thwarted the aims of the government to a certain extent have an undertone that liberty is at stake. In this work we attempt to look at all of the foregoing issues in respect of the stop and search powers of the police. It is said that the exercise of the police power to stop and search members of the public is one that has long excited public controversy. There are numerous facets about the power which excite this controversy however far and away the most controversial issue has been its disproportionate use on ethnic minorities. This work is going to do thorough analysis of the police stop and search powers looking at number of issues. Many commentators take the now infamous MacPherson Inquiry into the death of Stephen Lawrence , which argued that the stop and search figures highlighted a clear core conclusion of racist stereotyping . This was placed against the overall conclusion that institutional racismexists both in the Metropolitan Police Service and in other Police Services and other institutions countrywide . In particular it highlighted that they believed there had been a systemic failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin . This work wants to look at the stop and search research that is currently available to see whether this problem still exists or has changed. We also carried out an empirical study ourselves which we wish to incorporate into this analysis. One item of particular interest will be to note whether the rise of what various studies have calledIslamophobia , which is largely exacerbated by the recent terror attacks and underpins the need for the RRH 2006, has manifested itself in the police. The aim in assessing the empirical data is to come to conclusion on the Human Rights issues which are now Omni-present in modern society and whether the approaches of the police can be squared with traditional criminological theory. Substantive Law on Stop and Search The placing of a general stop and search on a statutory footing was only achieved by s.1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984(PACE). However, the power has been in existence in some manner since the nineteenth century in order to empower the police to harass marginal sections of the population . PACE gave the power to the police to stop and search anybody that they reasonably suspected of carrying prohibited articles for example a weapon or stolen goods . Similar statutory power had also existed before then but had been limited to drugs under s.23 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Again this section takes the format that where an officer has reasonable grounds to suspect that any person is in possession of a controlled drug then they have a power to stop and search that person. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994 also provided that an officer of superintendent rank or higher may authorise stop and searches where that officer reasonably believes there may be incidents of serious violence likely to occur in the police authority area . Indecent years the model in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act1994 has been extended into the Terrorism related statutory measures. In particular The Terrorism Act (TA) 2000 s.44 extended stop and search powers so that, where authorised by an assistant chief constable or higher, then police officers could search people for anything that could be used in connection with terrorism, importantly can be exercised whether or not the constable has grounds for suspecting the presence of articles of that kind . It is worth noting that the s.60power under the CJPOA, above, also allows for the constable to stop where there is no reasonable suspicion. However whilst the CJPOA and TA are obviously of importance to fight specific types of crime such as terrorism, football hooliganism and gang fights the powers under PACE are considered to be the more widely used and more general of the powers in that it can apply to stolen or prohibited articles with the latter having a very general definition in s.1 (7). This naturally means that the level of discretionary power devolved on the individual constable is directly related to the judicially regulated phase reasonable suspicion . It is clear that the courts are willing to police this test for example a reasonable suspicion will not include a vague assertion by another police officers per DPP v. French nor will an order from a superior officer count as per OHara v. Chief Constable of The Royal Ulster Constabulary. In that case Lord Stein cited numerous authorities that uphold a position that he described as being justified because of the longstanding constitutional theory of the independence and accountability of the individual constable . Lord Stein went onto outline the general proposition which applies to reasonable suspicion: there need not be outright evidence amounting to a case, therefore a tip-off from the public may be sufficient, and hearsay information may be perfectly valid but a mere command or vague beliefs will not suffice. Thus the above clearly illustrates that there needs to be a subjective reason in the policemans mind for the suspicion however there needs also to be an objective part which causes the subjective suspicion. Whilst OHara highlighted that an informed tip-off could suffice as objective grounds it is clear that a persons race, age, appearance or the fact that the person is known to have previous conviction cannot be used alone or in combination with each other as a reason . In fact Code A of the Code of Practice for the exercise of the statutory stop and search powers specifically warns police officers of using such criteria as race or ethnicity because of the prohibitions in the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 . However, clearly the courts support the reasonable suspicion test as having a low threshold for satisfaction and as long as there hasnt been clear discrimination and the constable himself has other reasons then there is deference. This was more concisely laid out in Casoria v. Chief Constable of Surrey where Woolf, LJ highlighted the tri-partite nature of reasonable suspicion: The subjective part requiring there to be an actual suspicion on the part of the constable, whether it was reasonable which will be a matter of law for the judge and finally as long as it was reasonable was the discretion used in accordance with the famous principles laid down in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v.Wednesbury Corporation . It is hard to see how the Wednesbury principle of unreasonableness fits with a judicially determined principle of reasonable suspicions: How could a constable have a reasonable suspicion and then use his discretion stop in a manner so unreasonable that no reasonable authority [insert: Constable] could ever have comet it . In any case there have been numerous cases on these issues but this appears to remain the core of the exercise of reasonable suspicion. It also seems as though the courts have been lenient towards the police in defining what was reasonable and what constitutes suspicion: suspicion in its ordinary meaning is a state of conjecture or surmise where proof is lacking: I suspect but I cannot prove. The statutory powers are widely drawn and as the foregoing highlights the judiciary are reluctant to impinge on the discretion of ordinary constables. However discretion per se is not a bad thing, in fact it is necessary if a modern state is going to function. However, it is the empirically measured use of that discretion which is of the utmost concern to all scholars of the law. However, criminological study has long had a fascination, predominantly because of classical positivist legal thinking and pre-occupation with the rule of law, with the lack of control over behaviour that is subject only to the internal constraints of the individual and that is not subject either to formal rules and sanctions or to direct supervision . What Working called Strong discretion . The substantive provisions highlight this precise quality at the lowest level of the police hierarchy: the constable has discretion and it is the most visible to ordinary members of the public. It is this reason that many commentators have chosen to focus on the use of this discretion: It is quintessentially a low visibility decision, immune to effective accountability mechanisms, for, if officers do not record stops, then they are unlikely to come to light . Furthermore, as Waddington et al. make the point that the decision of a police officer not to stop provides opportunities for abuses of discretion which are virtually undetectable . Thus from a very basic point such discretion is difficult to square with the standards of the legal-analytical view of the decision process that should be applied by social actors who exercise legitimate power over members of the public. However, we wish to look at how this power is being exercised by studies however we cannot look at this from every angle; Discretion can be analysed from numerous angles such as how it isnt applied in a uniform manner, for example discretion in sentencing , or how it disproportionately effects certain sections of society such as women or ethnic minorities . It is the latter use of discretion that we are interested in this work because clearly stop and searches in order to meet their purpose will be applied randomly and on the vague reasonable suspicion criteria so uniform application is not an issue. We will now look at the empirical evidence on all aspects of the stop and search debate. Empirical Evidence on Stop and Search There is a wealth of empirical evidence on this issue due to it having been at the forefront of research into policing , in Britain and elsewhere and we will attempt to look at much of the statistics as possible in order to get a holistic picture of how the stop and search discretion is being used by constables. The major source of empirical information on this issue has been from the Home Office both in its Annual Report entitled Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System and the six reports produced by the Policing and Reducing Crime Unit that did a variety of studies into different issues concerning Stop and Search. We will look at these studies initially in order to get a general overview of the situation. The Home Office Statistics for 2005 show, one is tempted to say as usual, that there is discrimination in the outcomes of stop and search statistics. Under PACE powers it was reported that Black people were 6times more likely to be searched than White people and Asians were nearly twice as likely. In fact no ethnic group was less likely to be stopped than White people . Under the CJPO 1994 it was noted that there had been a 5% increase in the number of Black people being stopped and 22% increase for Asian people whilst in the same period the number of White people being stopped decreased by 3%. Under the Terrorism Act however the proportions changed with the number of White people increasing and the number of Black and Asians decreasing (7% and 5%respectively). However, as we noted above PACE is by far the most commonly used with the recorded number of stops being 839, 977 as opposed to a combined 73, 363 under the other two powers. Thus PACE gives a much more widespread and statistically accurate sample. What arises is that particularly black people seem to have been targeted more than white people. These statistics are worked out by looking at the extent to which police powers are exercised on a group out of proportion to the number of that group in the general population .What is even more striking about these statistics is that they remain relatively unchanged over the last few years thus despite increased attention on this issue there has been little substantive impact. Unfortunately these statistics do not highlight a new problem as long-ago as the Scar man Report in 1981 there was a view that racism existed in the behaviour of a few officers on the street. It may be only too easy for some officersto lapse into an unthinking assumption that all young people are potential criminals . Furthermore there have been reports that stop and search powers have always been used in this way for example a power to stop people under the Vagrancy Act 1824 and the Metropolitan Police act 1839 are reported to have been disproportionately used against black people The findings of the Lord Scar man report were confirmed later by other studies such as that carried out by Norris et al. which discovered that not only that young blacks were stopped very much more frequently than other racial groups, but that these stops were made on a more speculative basis . Then in the Macpherson Report into the death of Stephen Lawrence the same concerns were voiced but they made the point that it was Institutional Racism rather than Individual Racism causing the disparity and they pointed to the causes: can arise because of lack of understanding, ignorance or mistaken beliefs. It can arise from well intentioned but patronising words orations. It can arise from unfamiliarity with the behaviour or cultural traditions of people or families from minority ethnic communities. It can arise from racist stereotyping of black people as potential criminals or troublemakers. Often this arises out of uncritical self-understanding born out of an inflexible police ethos of the traditional way of doing things. Furthermore such attitudes can thrive in a tightly knit community, so that there can be a collective failure to detect and to outlaw this breed of racism This sort of unconscious racism has been noted by a number of studies and in particular at stop and search powers where many argue that officers rely predominantly upon their own instincts, which could cause elements of race and class bias . Fitzgerald Sabot also did an empirical study on this issue which similarly found that based on their presence in the population overall ethnic minorities are more than four times as likely to be searched than whites . It was pointed out in that study that the problem was difficult to judge just on the sorts of statistics because; it doesnt take into account the difference in the level of usage by different forces thus for example the Metropolitan Police account for approximately 46% of all stops recorded . This meant that whilst the national average may be four times as likely, as stated above, the actual ratio in individual forces were with the exception of one lower than that. Furthermore it fails to distinguish between stops as such and the searches which follow from these steps . In their study Fitzgerald Sabot exhort the view that there must be a clear picture of what is going on in stop and searches. In attempting to do this they divide the issue into operational and administrative factors which influence PACE searches. The conclusion is that on the whole stop and searches are not random but tend to be lead by intelligence from crime reports relayed over radio or in the context of specific targeted operations . This leads toe skewing of patrolling constables so certain locations and individuals on the Prominent Nominal list were more likely to attract attention and thus they concluded that the numbers of stop/searches may vary quite markedly from one police beat to another for entirely legitimate reasons . However, they noted that official statistics were also skewed or distorted by Administrative factors such as non-recording of stops and a lack of clarity over the powers which the police actually have. In particular the failure to report stops was argued to probably be very great based on the researchers experience particularly because there was little to no incentive to report a stop which resulted in nothing being found and which contained no incidents. The results were also skewed because there was widespread disagreement about what constituted a voluntary stop. Interestingly, haven studied this area the researchers noted that the correlation between stops and intelligence from crime reports was in effect passing on an already inherent bias in the ethnicity of reported criminals. However, as with other studies they discovered that there was a great deal of stereotyping that occurred towards non-white groups . Overall the picture presented was one where it was incredibly difficult to see whether or not discrimination occurred and they concluded that whilst race may be a factor it may not be anymore of a factor than somesocio-economic factors. In particular because of the administrative and organisational factors there was a conclusion that racial disparity was often reflected in the factors which informed the use of discretion and when less informed or acting on their own initiative the racial disparity would be less . Fitzgerald Sabot are not the only ones to challenge the orthodoxy on racial discrimination in stop and searches. In particular some researchers have pointed to the fact that often that reference to statistics and traditional studies tend not to taken into account the various ethnic proportions of the population who are on the street often as opposed to a resident population . The findings of initial research into the area found that the population available to be stopped and searched tended to include a greater proportion of ethnic minority groups Whilst the empirical evidence has been to a degree challenged what seems to be undeniable is the deleterious effect that the perception of stop and search is having. In research done by the home office they conclude that the way in which stops and searches are currently handled causes more distrust, antagonism, and resentment than any of the positive effects they can have . This was exacerbated by apperceived inexplicability for the reason of many stops thus there were complaints that in a large group or in a car only certain people would be searched and there was little understanding of how the police discriminated. Furthermore there was a feeling that the length of time and the embarrassment felt by those innocently stopped was contributing to severely negative attitudes. One man had described being stopped whilst in his taxi with customers causing a complaint to be made by the customers and he perceived that his reputation at work was in tatters. Finally, there was concern over the attitude of policemen which was felt to be confrontational and unsympathetic. There were also considerable views expressed that minorities felt targeted and that there was an inability to communicate with them leaving a feeling of dissatisfaction . These results were in no way unusual for example the British Crime Survey has found that there is a direct link between being stopped and searched and approval ratings of police, especially in ethnic minorities . These studies are backed up by others which highlight that inadequate training of police officers failed to instil adequate social and interaction skills . This is backed up by a study into the attitude of police officers towards stop and search training when a group of police officers from the same constabulary were asked whether they had received any training related to stop and search in the previous twelve months the results were that 46% said yes, 40% said no and 14% said they didnt know . Some commentators have argued that on the empirical evidence available there is a clear conclusion that whilst there may be a racial bias in the stops and searches this may not necessarily be due to racial prejudice, whether personal or institutional, but rather the higher proportion of ethnic minority stops may be explainable as an efficient use of the stop and search procedure this is explained in more detail by Borough : The efficiency argument for injecting racial bias into stops does not imply that ethnicity per se is the cause of a higher likelihood of offending. Rather, the probability of offending may be objectively related to a number of non- ethnic factors (family background; education level; economic circumstances; housing conditions) which, given the particular circumstances of society, are relatively more concentrated among ethnic minorities. It is argued that because there is no outward way of determining these on-ethnic factors that race is used as a proxy for policemen. The example given is that an equal split between old ladies and young men stopped and searched would undoubtedly display a bias against old ladies because they far less-likely to be law-breakers. Thus disproportionate concentration on young men is not necessarily a bathing. However, this argument whilst clearly persuasive in its thinking has been discredited in particular because the racial bias to police stops was in excess of that required by inter-ethnic differences in rates of offending . The only conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that there has to be racial prejudice existent because of the level of excess. In fact Borough concludes that a third to a half of racial bias to stops in 1997 /98 across 10 Police Areas of England, represented prejudicemost of this prejudice was directed towards Asians and not towards Blacks . Thus he goes onto argue that even if we are able to overcome the rather ethically dubious efficiency argument there is still a problem with prejudice. The latter point that Borough makes is of particular interest that taking into account intentional and justified bias there is more prejudice against Asians. The vast majority of Asians are Muslim and thus it is of interest to see whether there is a potential growth ofIslamophobia in the police forces. It is worth just spending a brief period of time to understand the rise of Islam phobia in the U.K. The immigration of Southeast Asians following World War II into the U.K.was fairly significant and created a sizeable and politically active Asian, and predominantly Muslim, population within the U.K. In the1980s a number of events such as Muslim protests against Salman Rushdies Satanic Verses involving mass book-burning and the fatwa declared by Ayatollah Khomeini which advocated the murder of Salmon Rushdie brought severely negative press coverage. Since the 1980s and through the 1990s there was a great deal of media attention on anything which might portray Muslims as ant western or linked to Islamic fundamentalism was seized upon. Islam phobia was coined by the Runnymede Trust in a review on the level discrimination and was defined as unfounded hostility towards Islam and unfair discrimination against Muslim individuals and communities, and to the exclusion of Muslims from mainstream political and social affairs . We have already mentioned in the Introduction how recent legislative action has been prompted by anti-Muslim sentiments has been instituted. In the more recent past there has been studies that highlight generally that receptivity towards anti-Muslim another xenophobic ideas and sentiments has, and may well continue to, become tolerated . Particularly worrying is the growth of right-wing groups within society such as the British National Party , the National Front, the White Wolves, the Ku Klux Klan, the Third Way, White Pride, the League of St George and various fluidly defined football hooligan groups . There is little research on the issue of whether Islam phobia exists in the police but it seems likely that to some extent there will exist such prejudices that are apparently relatively rife within society. Again this neednt be direct prejudice but perhaps a stereotypical view which isnt premised on justifiable grounds. Whatever the case there is increasing worry over the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in society and the extent to which police behaviour in stop and searches, in particular, has created angry young people vulnerable to extremism. This was recently thrown into the spotlight with the seemingly unjustifiable actions of the police in the collapsed prosecution of ONeil Crooks who was arrested for drug-dealing whilst on a family trip to the theatre . The actions were criticised by the National Black Police Association as alienating members of ethnic communities .Furthermore the Islamic Human Rights Commission has claimed: It has been clear for a very long time that there is an institutionalIslamophobia in the implementation of stop and search. We need to get rid of a culture that exists unfortunately it exists in our society as a whole, but it is much more damaging when mixed with the powers the police have Anecdotal evidence suggests that similar misperceptions exist over Muslims as do over ethnic minorities, for example research has pointed out that police view certain crimes as predominantly carried out by certain ethnic groups and there have been publicly expressed views by policemen to the effect that the bottom line is that the terrorist threat is from the Muslim world. . However, the police are using ethnic characteristics such as dress and appearance as proxies for Muslim which belies the fact that there are many white and other ethnic groups who are Muslims . It has been reported that Although figures on conversions to Islam in Western countries are difficult to nail down, its safe to say that Muslim converts in the U.S. and Europe number in the hundreds of thousands . This means that even if we were to accept the somewhat dubious claim that all types of terrorism were predominantly coming from the Muslim world that the police might well disproportionately impact on people who present traditional ethnic characteristics, probably mostly Asian. This is worrying from a criminological perspective but also because the police will be less effective. It is clear that new converts are at risk of becoming radicalised when first attracted to the religion; this was seen in the cases of Richard Reid the shoe-bomber, Germaine Lindsay who was involved in the 7th July bombings in London and most recently Don Stewart-Whytes involvement in the attempted bombing of the trans-Atlantic flights from London to New York . In the next section we will assess the empirical evidence that we go from doing my own empirical investigation into these issues. However, at this point it is worth just summarising the empirical outcomes that have been expressed above. We have seen how institutional racism, twosome extent, is existent within the police. The figures even with alias built-in still portray a distinctly prejudicial picture however potentially not as discriminatory on black people as other studies have suggested. What are of more interest are the findings that Asians were disproportionately prejudiced and it is of no small consequence that there is a great deal of confusion and prejudice which sees people exhibiting Asian ethnic characteristics as consequently Muslim. It is important to realise that there is a fundamental difference between persons race and his religion. You cannot change your race. Your religion, however, is your choice. Thus again Islam phobia in the police could have potentially disastrous consequences on both ethnic communities and encourage radicalism whilst also missing the new converts to Islam. Empirical Outcomes from Study of Stop and Search I carried out a study on members of the public between the ages of 18 29 in order to discover whether or not there was an actual, or at the very least a perceived, differential impact of police stop and search powers on various ethnic groups . There were real limitations to this study but we can make some informed conclusions from the results. I gave questionnaires to thirty people with various ethnic backgrounds(ten White, ten Asian, five Chinese and five Black) and the aim of the questionnaire was to discover their pre-disposition towards police, their experiences and whether this had been changed by recent political or personal events. Pre-disposition The first substantive question asked by the questionnaire took the form of a straightforward scenario where individuals were asked to rate the factors which they thought had influenced the police in it: You are walking through a rough neighbourhood on your way home from visiting a friend all night, there is nobody about and everything seems okay to you. Suddenly two police officers stop you claiming that you are suspected of having been involved in burglary in the area that night. However, they are aggressive and unwilling to fully explain why they suspect you which makes you suspicious. This was supposed to represent, as evinced by previous empirical evidence above, a typical encounter with police when carrying out atop. The five options were three generic personal factors (Age, Sexed Race/Ethnicity), an excuse to use powers over people and also the major reason we saw given by police above for stops i.e. similarity to description of a suspect. The usefulness of this question was that at this point people probably didnt have any idea about the aim of the questionnaire and therefore gave less biased answers. The survey discovered that 43% of people thought that ethnicity would be the most likely reason which was closely followed by 33% of people who thought that similarity to the suspect would be the most likely reason. In total 66% of respondents put ethnicity as the most likely or second most likely reason for a stop and search. When these figures were broken down into ethnic categories there were some interesting statistics for example 100% of Black people, 80% of Asians and 80% of Chinese put race as either their first or second choice which compared to only 30% of White people. There was clearly a large gap and this was in fact lessened because one of the White individuals had converted to Islam and perceived himself targeted as a result of the change in his appearance. It is all the more striking because 60% of the White respondents put Race as either their last, or second last, most likely reason for the polices behaviour. This didnt mean all the White respondents were favourable towards the police but highlights their grievances were less motivated by a sense of racist behaviour. It also highlights that many non-White members of the community were perceiving race as one of the key factors in determining whether or not they were likely to be stopped. People being stopped and their general impressions The main corpus of the Questionnaire contained questions on whether they had ever been stopped or not, their opinions of police and the reasons for those opinions. Only 37% of the people questioned had been stopped of which 45% had been searched during that stop. There was an interesting spread across the board with five out of the ten Asians having been stopped, none of the Chinese, one of the Blacks and four of the Whites. What was especially interesting was the difference in the reasons given. The four White stops when asked for their opinion on why they were stopped gave predominantly driving offences as the reason and accepted it was reasonable. However, the reasons proffered by most of the Asians was generally negative and they gave race or ethnicity as the reason thus one of the Asian respondents gave the reason as Because I am a Pakistani young man and the police always target me and the same respondent felt that the reasons given by the policemen who had stopped him were based not on merit but on colour. What was further interesting was the spread across all respondents when asked about their understanding of police powers to stop and search and their opinions on the way the power is exercised. The respondents were given four options of a general nature of which the last best represented the law. Whilst the largest single percentage got the right answer (40%) this did mean that sixty present of respondents didnt have a good idea. This also meant 50% of respondents thought that the police had either a complete discretion or just had to have a suspicion, reasonable or not, of the person having committed a crime. This ignorance of the law highlights why many people feel frustrated. Finally, one of the most important questions for this work was whether recent events had changed peoples perceptions of the police. When asked their opinion of police 76% of respondents rated police as Average (40%) or Poor (36%) . When asked whether that opinion had changed for the worse in the last six years (i.e. since the turn of the century and the start of the terrorist atrocities such as September11th) over 50% of respondents replied that it had. Further 66% of respondents felt that the police discriminated against Asian minorities because of a police perception of them being more likely to be terrorists. Interestingly whether asked if such discrimination could be justified 17% of respondents felt that it could. Clearly this is minority but the reasons given for this view were diverse and the ethnic breakdown was interesting. Again White people were significantly less than other ethnic groups in admitting that discrimination against Asians existed with only 50% saying that it did which compared to 90%of Asians, 80% of Blacks and 60% of the Chinese. Clearly there is large disparity between Asians and White ethnic groups on whether they are persecuted by the police. However, perversely, two of the Asian respondents felt that such discrimination could be justified compared to only one White and two Chinese. The reasons given did vary but tended to be along the same lines which were typified by one respondent: You dont know who you can trust nowadays. People who fit certain descriptions can be terrorists. It is better to be safe than sorry. This approach is clearly utilitarian in its reasoning but seemed to represent a minority with most respondents taking a deontological approach and giving primacy to rights and individual freedom. Conclusions Clearly this questionnaire was not on a large enough scale to truly tell us whether more Asians are being targeted however the perceptions of people provide interesting reading. It is clear that a large majority of people have changed their mind over whether police discrimination against Asians existed and most people dislike the turn. When asked their general opinion on stop and search powers there was feeling that something needed to be done to reform the way in which police handled them or used their powers. On the whole people are negative towards the police stop and search powers but the figures show that such opinions are higher in non-White ethnic groupings. One of the most interesting respondents was the White individual who had converted to Islam who had the following to say on the issue: I have recently converted to Islam and grown a beard. Prior to my conversion I had no trouble with the police however now that I look like a Muslim I am being targeted and seen as a threat. The experience of this individual surely adds to the foregoing anecdotal evidence that Islam phobia is rife and that police will be more likely to target people who they perceive to fulfil the traditional stereotype of a Muslim. As we saw in the previous section with an increasing number of people converting to Islam it may well be that this individuals experience is not unique. Human Rights, Criminology and Stop and Search We have thus far achieved one of the major aims of this work which waste assess whether the problems of institutional racism and discrimination is still existent in the police and that probably since the spate of recent terrorist attacks there has been a change in peoples attitude to some manner affected by actual personal experiences and media coverage of the issue. There are a number of issues that are worrying when we consider these findings. Primarily, the raison deter of stop and search is as a crime reduction tool therefore; if expanded stop/search powers lead to racial bias in their implementation then this cost to society could outweigh any potential benefit from crime reduction. . This point is tied into both the criminological and human right problems that surround the police and which are typified by stop and search . The Human Rights perspective views police authority as inherently problematic because of their standpoint between exercising their powers to protect people and securing peoples human rights . In such cases Police authority can become the master and less the servant. It can snuff out more freedom than it protectsIt is important to remember that abuses can flourish not only because of official negligence or acquiescence but because rightly or wrongly broad sections of the people identify with such practices and consider that in spite of their excesses the police are carrying out a necessary and unpleasant task . The same point was made euphemistically by one of the respondents to the Questionnaires: you have to break some eggs to make an omelette. Thus police authority may well infringe against individual human rights but there is a question of how to balance these with the needs of society at large. We can clearly see that racial discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race would be breach of both domestic law and human rights. We saw this above that OHara and the Polices own internal rules made clear race was not aground for reasonable suspicion. However, it is unlikely to ever be as blatant as that and very difficult to prove that race was the only motivating factor, especially given the difficulty of monitoring decisions not to stop. In R. (on the application of Gillian) v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis there was a human rights challenge to the use of police stop and search powers under the Terrorism Act. The courts there were unambiguous in their decision and declared that a random power of search was not as a matter of principle an unacceptable intrusion that was neither necessary nor proportionate into the human rights of those who were searched in the absence of some identified threatany disadvantage imposed on even a large number of individuals did not match the advantage from the possibility of a terrorist attack being foiled or deterred . Thus this seems to categorically cut-off any avenue for challenging police stop and search powers under any kind of Human Rights action the proportionality defence of public protection will always win-out. Therefore the courts have made clear that modern stop and search post-London bombings is not in breach of Human Rights. The Criminological concerns enter over the various theories about the role of the police. There has always been concern over the role of police in a modern democracy which was explained by the seminal writer Herman Goldstein in the following terms: The policeare an anomaly in a free society. They are invested with great deal of authority under a system of government in which authority is reluctantly granted and, when granted, sharply curtailed In particular nice-neat concerns over the rule of law and its fundamentality to democracy cause problems. In effect what the widespread controversy over stop and search represents is a microcosm of a wider problem that is known as the democracy-police conflict . Good example of the courts inconsistency over the way to balance this conflict can be seen between Gillian, above, and the recent case of A secretary of State for the Home Department . In the former case police powers to search were upheld and in the latter police powers to detain terrorist suspects were overruled. The former showed a tendency towards a utilitarian balance or a swing towards the police side of the conflict whereas A was argued to represent a powerful statement by the highest court in the land of what it means to live in a society where the executive is subject tithe rule of 1aw. . The question from a criminological view is how this impacts on the way we perceive the role of the police, or put another way; should the police be reformed in some manner? and if so how? There are very large debates over the role of police in a modern society which this work cannot hope to cover in depth but it is worth realising what the various roles are and how that impacts on this whole debate . Effectively what the foregoing study has highlighted is that police officers seem not to be doing what the law books [say] they should do, that is, literally enforcing the law . There has been a large debate that once that realisation is made we have to make a choice about the type of police system we want between the legalistic and political approach . The legalistic approach most conforms to our notions of formal system of justice, as discussed above in the Introduction, and argues that police should have very little discretion and should consistently apply laws, policies and procedures to everybody. The political approach vests a lot of discretion in the police officer to enforce the rules. The reason that the latter is supported is that commentators argue that strict enforcement of the rules does not take into account the uniqueness of the problems and needs of individuals and neighbourhood groups in the community . They argue that a reliance on the professionalism of the police to apply context-specific problems is preferable. The mid-way is seen as community policing which has numerous facets but is encompassed by the concept of a decentralized civilian force with a membership that broadly represents the population being policed and is based upon the axiom that the police officer is merely a citizen in uniform . Another point to be made is that there is a debate over whether the police ought to be pro-active ore-active. In particular there is a perceived problem with crime prevention powers such as stop and search that it makes the police too intrusive into peoples lives and impinging on their freedoms. In the field of criminological study the identification of discretion as a problem has also been accompanied by a recognition that the polices role is not limited to law enforcement but rather in many situations they may use coercion or their powers to achieve other goals such as peacekeeping in the community. It was all these concerns that have culminated in much writing, classically by the scholar JeromeSkolnick, into concerns about the accountability and occupational morale of the police force . The problem with changing the system was aptly identified by Skolnick: When prominent members of the community become far more aroused overran apparent rise in criminality than over the fact that Negroes are frequently subject to unwarranted police interrogation, detention, and invasions of privacy, the police will continue to engage in such practices. Without widespread support for the rule of law, it is hardly to be expected thatthe police will themselves develop a professional orientation as legal actors, rather than efficient administrators The bottom line is that as social views both expressed by policemen and my survey of various members of the public exhibit there is a definite swathe of people who are more worried about terrorism than the rights of Muslims to be free of persecution in stop and search statistics. Thus at the moment we cannot expect successful reforms, especially following Gillian, where in effect there was a legal endorsement of that approach. The issues of Human Rights, Criminology of the role of the police and the empirical evidence on stop and search are very much interlinked. Wean clearly see that bringing in laws and enhancing accountability of police officers would have a knock-on effect on the level of discrimination however what is not clear is whether that would be the correct thing to do. Primarily it conflicts with the considerable advantages of a discretionary approach to policing but also there is clearly a problem over whether society would support such tightening measures when the outcome would be increased vulnerability of society as a whole. This has led to commentators remarking there is no greater test of our commitment to freedom, democracy, and the rule of law than the challenge of policing in the post-9/11 era . What is clear is that as the stop and search powers are used at the moment they increase disaffection and anti-social behaviour in ethnic minorities because of their targeting. We will consider a possible solution in the conclusion. Conclusion The first conclusion has been clear throughout this work: there is an attitude of institutional racism in the police. This has been compounded by the growth in recent years by a general Islam phobia and the inevitable use by police of ethnic characteristics as proxies for other characteristics; in particular terrorism. This was seen in number of studies on racism in the police not to mention media coverage and public statements by leading policemen such as that terrorism is a threat somehow peculiar to the Muslim world. We can all agree that such empirical outcomes are egregious breaches of the human rights of individuals involved in targeting. Unfortunately the discretion given to police officers coupled with the sensitivity of stop and search to public information which may be biased or reflect deeper prejudices means that relying on them as a tool is extremely difficult. We also saw how in many ways the more legalistic view of policing has significant drawbacks which can reduce the effectiveness of police in society. In this writers opinion the problem of stop and search is but one example of the search for justice within a criminal justice system which by virtue of being run by humans and governed by contextual rules produces inequality . Thus in relation to sentencing it was stated that The issue of disparity is not a technical problem in search of ad-hoc solutions. It challenges the ability of the courts to produce something that is and can be perceived as justice . There is an increasing recognition that in many ways even the most strictly drafted rules are capable of interpretation because of their open-context . Thus we need to focus on a solution to the problem that looks at how we can manipulate organizational pressures such as administrative targets and peer pressure to affect the type of justice that we want: namely equality. 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