To What Extent is the PM Free From Political Constraints?

To What Extent is the PM Free From Political Constraints?There are numbers of constraints on the point Minister. The important constraints are constitutional, political, administrative and personal. The decision making body in Britain is collective the establish Ministers role is to provide drawing cardship deep down a Cabinet place setting in which collective responsibility remains the rule. Ministerial appointments require some recognition of the pauperism for political balance and administrative efficiency, there is also tweet from colleagues or the media to promote certain people- The popularity of a top Minister depends, to some extent, on the media coverage they receive. Which party the Prime Minister represents can also accept media coverage. The press in Britain is biased in its coverage and editorials- some papers are committed to certain parties. This means in practice that Cabinets contain individuals whom the Prime see would rather be without. All Prime Minister s at least listen to advice from senior colleagues before making appointments.The power of patronage enables a Prime Minister to hire and fire whoever he/she pleases. However, they must consider every(prenominal) types of party opinion when making their selection when allocating ministerial office, as it would not be wise for the prime minister offer cabinet positions to their loyal supporters. Ministers should represent a balanced team in terms of age, experience and forms of thinking within the party if they are not to become alienated from the backbenchers. Backbenchers may also be a constraint, though they risk loss of promotion prospects. Parliament as a whole should be a key constraint and the Lords have been more active in opposing authorities bills since the 1980s, but their power is limited. The need to keep the cabinet balanced and to adjust its composition in the light of changing circumstances is illustrated by the cabinet reshuffle forced upon Margaret Thatcher in 198 9. Nigel Lawson, the premier of the Exchequer had resigned following conflicts with the Prime Minister over economic insurance policy and the role of her economics special advisor Alan Walters.There are also constraints on the dismissal of ministers. If the PM sacks too m any(prenominal) ministers too frequently it implies poor judgement and the PMs authority will be undermined an example of this would be Macmillans shadow of the long knives in 1962 when he sacked s rase Cabinet ministers overnight. This damaged his own standing and caused resentment in the party.A further constraint would be political e.g. John Majors government was constrained by ideological splits in his party, making it difficult to manage, especially as it had a small majority. The bigger the government majority in the House of Commons, the stronger the governments position and with it the power of the Prime Minister. A minority government may be in the weakest position of all would need to compromise with pa rties on the floor of the house. This makes it much more difficult for the Prime Minister to take a strong line on any policy. Equally constraining, are economic factors e.g. in the early 1990s Britain suffered a bad economic recession, this led to falling popularity, which, in turn created stronger political constraints.The ultraconservative party illustrates the strength a prime minister can gain from the endorse of a united party, it also shows the weakness that can overtake the leader of the same party when it is divided. The thing that divides a political party most, is unpopularity and fear of electoral losses e.g. this is true for the Major government which was seen as weak and divided. A leaders popularity is likely to depend on the state of the parsimony, the international importance of the country or the general mood of the country, all of which are, to a greater or lesser extent, outside the control of the prime minister.The party may remove a sitting Prime Minister bu t this is quite rare, this was however the graphic symbol with Thatcher in 1990. Thatcher resigned after losing the support of senior colleagues (Lawson and Howe) and a huge section of the majority parliamentary party.Cabinet revolts limit a PMs policy-making power. asunder from drawing up the party manifesto, most Prime Ministers do not initiate policy- they have a small staff and most expertise and data and detailed information is located in individual departments. It is therefore difficult for PMs to interfere constantly in the work of a department. Consensus between PM and Cabinet over policies is normal. When revolt do occurs do occur they may suggest misjudgment or mismanagement by a Prime Minister e.g. policy toward Europe caused Major problems of party management. Major resigned the party leadership in 1995 in an attempt to put to rest persistent cabinet and party variety over Europe.The Prime Minister can attempt to keep certain issues off the cabinet agenda in order to avoid difficult discussions. The power point of time in which an issue may be left off a cabinet agenda depends partly on the personalities of the cabinet ministers. On make the Prime Minister will be defeated in cabinet. As Primus inter pares (first amongst equals), the Prime Minister, unlike the American president, is not able to overrule the cabinet. Prime ministers cannot make policy without the support of cabinet colleagues because they do not have the time to control every issue. Moreover, the Prime minister cannot implement policy without the backing of ministerial departments.A final constraint on the Prime Minister is personal constraints the PM is limited in terms of energy, resources and time. The PMs special concerns (foreign affairs, the economy and security services) are vulnerable to setbacks e.g. Security service disasters undermined Macmillan and problems over Europe destroyed the authority of Thatcher and Major.Overall, the constraints on the Prime Minister are very effective because they prevent the PM from being too dominant a figure. Collective responsibility makes sure there is a balance of power. It can be argued however, that even a strong Prime Minister such as Margaret Thatcher is subject to constraints both inside and outside the cabinet. The constraints that arise depend upon the state of the Economy, the size of the government majority, the character and length of tenure of the PM him/her self. The most effective constraint are those that act upon the cabinet from outside Whitehall, such as the state of the economy, as the Prime Minister has no way of controlling theses. It should certainly have a great effect on the relationship between the Prime minister and the cabinet.

Applications of Mathematics in Real Life

Applications of Mathematics in Real LifeApplications of Mathematics in Real Life Situations1.0 Application of MatricesMatrix concepts can be apply in various works such asQuantum Mechanics3D GamesAnimationsCryptography and Others.We shall analyze the last one which is encryption in further details.Encryption is indeed an important measure of security when there are transactions of selective information between parties.Firstly, we shall make employ of the AB = X and B = A-1X concept, where the ground substance A is the Encoder and the inverse of A is the Decoder.As messages are mainly sent in earn, we overhear a go by a relationship between letters from the message and total in our matrix.For our example we will take the following relationship.ABCDEFGHIJKLMN23456789101112131415OPQRSTUVWXYZSpace161718192021222324252610Now lets encode our message which is BAD.Referring to our relationship carry over, it becomes 3, 2, 5.We decide for a coding matrix A, which can be 5 2 46 1 02 7 2As it is a 3*3 matrix, we can encode 3 numbers at a time.Encrypting the first 3 numbers, 10, 0, 13 (Matrix B) using matrix multiplications5 2 4 3 396 1 0 2 = 202 7 2 5 3039, 20, 30 becomes the Encrypted Message which should be decoded now using inverse of matrix A.Inverse of A = 1/73 12/73 -2/73 39 3-6/73 1/73 12/73 20 = 220/73 -31/146 -7/146 30 5Decoding the message gives us back 3, 2, 5 which can be referred back to the relationship table to get the message sent.Note For this exampleWe need to have a matrix A which does have an inverse, we need to cater for the blank space w so we can allocate a 0 for itThe coding matrix as well as the number letter relationship is independent that is for some some other encryption A can be 3 while B is 4 and so on. purpose Matrices do play a major procedure in not only Encryption of Messages to avoid misuse of entropy, but in other fields mentioned above as well.2.0 Application of StatisticsWe live in the Information Age is a common sayin g in todays world. It is a true fact as in our era as we make use of information in every field to be able to get an idea of what is actually happening and what we can do to not only to reduce problems of the past but devise ways and techniques for much proper less time consuming, less complicated, less costly and more safe processes to declare outputStatistics are the ways we can achieve the above by manipulating the data in their bear ways to obtain a set of conclusions which will help us take many crucial decisions.We can also agree to the fact that indeed statistics are being used in many vast and important fields which will be illustrated belowWeather Forecast/Emergencies PrecautionsWe make use of statistics to a very great end in weather forecasting. This is so as almost every forecasting is establish on data and information gathered from previous ones and in auxiliary with other related data.For example In reference to the amount of rainfall or cyclones obtained from prev ious twelvemonths, we can have a close overview for the current year and therefore take necessary precautionsMedical Studies/Prediction of Diseases/GeneticsStatistics have a huge role in medical fields nowadays. By referring to data and information on other past patients, we can learn more and extract new remedies and treatment not only to make the medical field prospect but help needy peoples.Also, using genetic data, some parents might come to know well before the coming problems with their expected children hence can prevent the possible problems accordingly.For example Using information recorded from past patients suffering from a finicky disease in a particular season, expected patients with the same disease can be protected using vaccinations well before.PoliticsTo achieve a well organized political body structure for the countrys well being, the potential people needs to be elected and based on their contribution, their work and their reputation on previous data, the obtain their chances to be candidates in next elections.Consumer Goods/Stock Market/Quality Testing umteen wholesalers, retailers and even small scaled businessmen nowadays do remark tracks of both their purchases and sales which constantly being referred to be able to extract many important conclusions for better decision making and productivity.For example If a authentic commoditys sales rises during a particular festive season, the businessman will know from statistics that he should have the item in stock for his own profit.In addition, it is crucial acknowledge what is happening in the economy of the country, hence statistics is a blessing here also as it gives us feedback and predictions for the future.Companies too use statistics to test whether their products are as per their customers wants and needs. To do so, they make use of product batches and hence it is time consuming for them to check for all the products.Conclusion In the light of the above, we have seen that statistics are merely predictions hence we cannot rely completely on statistics. However, they pass on us to have better overviews of what is expected and hence we prepare accordingly to eliminate errors and mistakes.3.0 Application of relapsing and correlation coefficient retroflection and Correlation is used with sets of data, most commonly 2 sets of data to conclude active one main point, the relationship between the data.Regression deals mainly with the graphs of surmount fits for the data to be able to obtain the Correlation between them.ExampleThe Correlation Positive Linear CorrelationThe study also includes the Correlation degree or measure namely the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, which lies between -1 and 1.Regression and Correlation is used in everyday life in various situations namelyIn BusinessesFirstly, to compare the previous sale figures such as to have better understandings for future sales.Moreover, companies are able to see how the varied prices on comm odities have an effect on sales and clients requirements.Also, also the regression predictions will allow the companies to eliminate future problems and risk hence obtaining better business models with proper decision makings.In Regression TestingAs defined by the Internet, Regression Testing is to verify that modified code does not break the existing functionality of the application and works within the requirements of the system.Therefore, it is a much easier and quicker way to attend mistakes in systems to be able to implement new designed and modified ones.In Medical FieldsAccording to Paul I. M. Schmitz (1970-1986), in the biomedical field, data in binary form such as disease/no disease or survival/death are very common. In these applications a multivariate normal distribution for the x-variables in both the disease group and the non-disease group was assumed.In pregnancy cases, the IQ of the unborn child is mainly based on predictions from regressions.Hence it is clear that r egression played an important part in medical fields.In Education / Candidates Selection / World WarMany institutions such as Harvard use regression models to be able to select the students that are eligible. Students also turn to counselors which uses the same techniques to predict the best school for the latter.For selecting best candidates for employment, companies do make use of regression methods. In the same way, during world wars, regression made it simple to pick the most capable soldiers to increase their sweet chances.Conclusion Like Statistics, Regression is of great importance when it comes to have predictions for the future to be able to make better decisions.4.0 ReferencesMatrix Encryption Online Available from http//www.austincc.edu/lrosen/1314/webact2/webact2.htm Accessed twenty-sixth 29th November 2014.Maths Worksheet Center Online Available from http//www.mathworksheetscenter.com/mathtips/statsareimportant.html Accessed 30th November 3rd December 2014What Are So me Ways Linear Regression Can Be employ in Business Settings? Online Available from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/ways-linear-regression-can-applied-business-settings-35431.html Accessed 26th 05th November 2014.Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Online Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient Accessed 5th November 2014.Numbers Numerical Methods For Bioscience Students Online Available from http//web.anglia.ac.uk/numbers/graphsCharts.html Accessed 7th December 2014Testing Basic Interview Questions Online Available from http//testingbasicinterviewquestions.blogspot.com/2012/01/what-is-regression-testing-explain-it.html Accessed 7th December 2014Regression Models Online Available from http//www.psychstat.missouristate.edu/introbook/sbk16m.htm Accessed 7th December 2014Paul I. M. Schmitz. (1970-1986) Developments In logistic Regression Methodology. 1.p.2.1 Online Available from file///C/Users/User/Downloads/860423_SCHMITZ,% 20Paulus%20Ignatius%20Maria.pdf Accessed 7th December 2014

Grandpa :: Personal Narrative Profile

Personal Narrative- Grandpa Routinely pushing play on the answering machine, as I do every magazine I get home,I was about to hear the words that would forever change my life. The sorrow andagony in her voice gave away the horrifying news show I had been regretfully waiting.My heart sank as I sat and reflected on what had happened.Since I was a little kid, my granddad, Howard Scheuster, has always been a rolemodel in my life. He was an intelligent man, loyal Christian, prominent familyleader, and hard worker, thus I had many reasons for looking up to him my wholelife.My grandpa was a victim of the affects of Lymphoma crab louse for thirteenyears. Ever since I remember knowing my grandpa, he has had cancer,but I would have never known it. When looking back at my grandpa, I rememberan avid fisherman, fanatic cigar collector, Chicago White Sox follower, and jazzlover but possibly the aspect of him I remember most was his many simple, heretoforecaptivating stories about his past. My f avorite of these stories had to be thedescriptive flashbacks of how he had met my grandma and all the romantic,exciting jazz clubs they had spent there weekend nights at.During the last summertime of my grandpas life, I was fortunate enough to spendmore time with him than ever before. Unaware of what the future would bring, Iguess I just hoped and thought that my grandpa would be fine and healthyforever. Unfortunately, my grandpa began to slip, and various treatments, suchas chemotherapy, tragically failed. My grandpa soon lost his appetite,something I thought my grandpa would never lose, because he was such a foodlover. His body frame began to shrink, and his bones began to show. Althoughin much pain and helplessly attached to his bed, my grandpa was always in goodspirits, and always had a joyful smile on his white, bearded face, which is onething I will never forget about his character.Upon go from Grand Junction, I proceeded to check the messages. Pushingplay, I heard my grandma s voice the sorrow and agony in her voice gave awaythe horrifying news I had been regretfully waiting. My heart sank as I sat andreflected on what had happened. My grandpa had passed away, and it would notsink in for many days just how much I would miss him and how much I loved him.

Ignorance Kills :: essays research papers

Any place I go, I cognise I will never fuck despatch two skateboardsthat are the same. Each and every component of theskateboard makes a difference in the boards movement.Every deck, truck, and roll out is interchangeable so there isalmost an endless amount of combinations. A number ofthings can go wrong when riding a person will never knowwhen one of the components will malfunction. I was ridingalong one day, and like a cat pouncing on a mouse, it hitsme and I suddenly realize that I am going to feel some pain.One of my wheels came off, I jerked, flew through the air,then landed on the street, all be subject the only day I tookthe cadence to check my wheels was the day I received theboard.I can remember the first time I learned how to check andfix a skateboard. I learned from one of my good friendnamed James. He came to my house and we skatedaround for a little while. One of my wheels made a funnynoise, and James said, "I think there is something wrongwith your skateboard. " We went into the garage and satnext to the washer and dryer. He then put the skateboarddownside up, and started to examine the skateboard. Hefirst looked at the deck to see if there was somethingwrong that could be making the noise. James studied thegrip tape, looked at the tail and the nose, then the wooditself to see if it had been haywire or split.He then began talking to me about the trucks and theirpurpose I studied and observed the hunks of metal. Jamesthen began to study the bearings and noticed that thebearings were extremely dirty. This was the cause of thenoise. He told me that the bearings had to be clean. Toomuch friction was causing the noise. So James reached inhis bag of tools, and got his mini monkey wrench andstarted to take off the nut that was holding the wheel to thetruck. He was very precise, like a surgeon in heart surgery.With great ease he slipped off the wheel from the kingpinand placed it gentle on the floor. Once again Jamesreached in his bag, grabb ed a rag, and a special metallubricate called Speedy Grease. bug out went the bearing as it came out of the wheel, I pickedit up from the floor, pondered, and said, " hmmmm, to thinkthat this little typography of machinery can actually effect the waythe board operates, that this little piece is so important

Dr. Faustus Consumed by Pride in Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus E

Dr. Faustus Consumed by Pride in Christopher Marlowes Doctor FaustusIn this theoretic play, Christopher Marlowe presents a man that is well educated, but is in search of more than what education bear give to him. Dr. Faustus is a man possessed by himself, bl avouch up in pride, and blinded by his own intellect. This blind, self- centered man challenges the ideals of death and the Devil. The first scene opens with Dr. Faustus in his study, he is seated, and thusly he begins to speak in depth of what he wants to do. He dialog of his graduation from the different levels of education. With his words there is an air of hubris, he wants all to nonice him, and what he has accomplished. He claims that logic has overcame him, more of a pun or a sarcastic reach on his audience. He goes on to say, should logic be disputed or is it the main thought in the end. And without logic then what is there? So he finally contends that he has read it all and that he knows all the logic that he needs to know. A greater candid is needed now to fill the needs of Dr. Faustus. He wants something which bequeath challenge his knowledge. So he looks to the medical field to fill his desires. But he has seen where the philosopher leaves mangle and the physician begins. Faustus in his vain wit says, I become a physician, to make lots of money, and to be known for creating some wondrous cure. But this does not fit for Faustus either. He states in the end there is medicine and it is only sustains our body to health. And then he asks himself, bedevil not I obtained such knowledge, and isnt the commonalty knowledge that he already has all that he needs? Once again he asks himself, I have cured whole cities and his work hangs on the wall in the form of a writing to show all o... ...nerals, is what is required to be a magician. He tells Faustus that he can not have any doubt, that he will be an expert in the craft, and all the oracle of Apollo will be his. What more could you want, than to have the power to dry the sea, and knead you every treasure from the wrecks that lay at the bottom of the sea. Faustus agrees and is now more convinced that he wants to conjure up the spirits so that he can have all that they have spoken. In the final part of scene one they conspire to find a place to perform the ritual and thrum all the things that they need to call up the spirits. But first Faustus wants to dine with them and before he will rest again he will sum up forth the spirits that will give him all the power that he desires. Thus, we see now that Faustus pride has taken over completely and that he will stop at nothing to get what he wants at any cost.

Choas Theory In Biology Essay -- essays research papers

madhouse In Biological SystemsIn todays world of high-tech methods to study just about anything that exists, we are still imperfect. Scientists uphold to look for ways to understand, explain, and even predict the actions and reactions of the conception. In the last two centuries, scientists have been looking in every possible place to understand the universe from intuition, to math, even religion. They have turned to mathematicians and their strange theories of determinism and predictability. This search to understand the universe has spawned several new areas of recognition there are now scientists devoted only when to the research of mere theories, such as chaos theorists. In the twentieth century, a new area of scientific study has been created. The goal of this new science is to turn the study of real life into a more easily understood, and more mathematical formula. This new science is called Ecology. Ecology is defined as the science of relationships between organisms an d their environments (American Heritage Dictionary). Ecologists are, in large, generally biologists with a strong mathematical basis. This is not to say that all ecologists are also mathematicians, but the math background knowledge is a major part in the ecological studies. Scientists, by nature, have always tried to make the most complex things in the universe depend as simple as possible.Scientists have always searched for simple rules, or laws, that govern the Universe. For example, Isaac Newton could explain how the stars appeared to move across the sky with his simple laws of question and theory of gravitation. At the beginning of the 19th century, the famous French mathematician Pierre Simon LaPlace believed firmly in a Newtonian universe that worked on clockwork principles. He proposed that if you knew the postal service and velocities of all the particles in the Universe, you could predict its future for all time. Hall 7This new science is yet another attempt to do such a task. But, in this case, scientists have hit a few snags. In order to make a biological system into a simple, predictable formula, you must be able to count and measure every factor within that system. In ecology, however, this is nearly impossible. Because ecologists focus their studies on the relationships between organisms and their environment, everything that has an effect must be considered. This ranges from each(prenominal) individual ... ...nature, we can make minor judgments, never right nor wrong. The best way to truly understand and predict any system, is to truly know why it acts the way it does. One must be able to find the root of any problem that system might have, and the causes of any positive reactions also. All in all, the entire theory of using chaos to explain biological systems is pretty much a waste of time. Coveney, Peter and Roger Highfield. Frontiers of Complexity. Fawcett Columbine New York, 1995.Hatch, John P. Biofeedback. cyclopaedia of Human Biolog y. Academic Press New York, 1997.Dupre, John. The Disorder of Things. Harvard University Press Cambridge, 1993.Norton, W.W. Exploring Chaos A Guide to the New Science of Disorder. 1991. (Used in Freshmen Seminar packet, that is hall the information you provide.)Gleick, James. Chaos Making A New Science. 1987. (Used in Freshmen Seminar packet, that is hall the information you provide.)Clarke, George L. Elements Of Ecology. Wiley & Sons, New York 1954.

The Italian Wars :: history

The Italian WarsThe Italian Wars 1494-1559 - Introduction The key issues over which the Italian Wars were fought were primarily financial incentives for Charles VIII of France. He declared that he think to use Naples as a base to drive the Ottomans out of Europe and liberate Constantinople. In actual truth his main motivation was self-glory and the mouth-watering panorama of acquiring some exquisite prizes of war. On the way he would acquire rich cities and portable pieces of art. It seems that this invasion had been planned for two years prior since Charles had already bought off potential rivals like Henry VII of England, Ferdinand and Macsimilion. He had also enlisted the support of Genoa and Milan, both within Italy. The regent of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, needed allies and his invitation in 1594 seemed to Charles plans perfectly. He accepted and the Italian wars began. Also, the Cardinal of Genoa resented the current Pope, Alexander VI. He invited Charles to come in, depose him and spark off the eagerly awaited church reform. Events 1494-1516 - There was a mixed reaction to the arrival of Charles in Italy. Florence revolted against its leader, Piero de Medici. The Popes army deserted him. In Naples the king died and rather than unite against his son the populous decided to capitulate. There was barely some reaction against Charles activities. Ferdinand of Aragon decreed that since Naples was subject to the papacy, that the Popes honour had been attacked. He formed the League of Venice. His main intentions were to expel Charles and become the ruler of a united Naples, Sicily and Aragon. Charles began to separate to France and although he won a battle at Fornovo, his outnumbered garrisons couldnt retain Naples. By 1498 the situation in Italy was one of chaos and turmoil. Charles died in 1498, which meant that there wasnt going to be a re-invasion. Popular uprisings in Milan and Florence saw the Medicis and the Sforzas overthrown. Civil war was raging on be tween Pisa and Florence and the accession of Louis VIII as French King meant that the prospects for peace did not look too good. Louis had inherited Naples, but his main objective was Milan, which he invaded in 1499. He settled for the Western half(prenominal) and gave the Eastern half to Venice. He then headed southward to Naples, which he had agreed to jointly rule with Ferdinand.