Challenges of Raising a Disabled Child Essay Example for Free

Challenges of Raising a Disabled Child EssayCaring for a pincer with a disability mickle be challenging due to p atomic number 18nting responsibilities and the difficulties they encounter when interacting with an often unreceptive environment. Consequently, p arents can be at increased endangerment for excessive levels of someoneal distress which in turn can adversely furbish up the well organism of the claw and the entire family unit ( set out Sanders, 2007). Parents of children with disabilities can be at an increased risk for psychosocial distress (Parish, Rose, Grinstein-Weiss, Richman Andrews, 2008 Plant Sanders, 2007).The parenting responsibilities for parents of children with disabilities often require a significant amount of time to complete, can be fleshlyly demanding, can disrupt family and social relationships, and can adversely affect reverencegiver employment (Brannen Heflinger, 2006 Seller Heller, 1997). Perhaps as a consequence of these additional imp acts, family caregivers of children with disabilities can be at increased risk to experience depression, physical health problems, and decreased quality of life (Feldman, et al. , 2007 Ones, Yilmaz, Cetinkaya, Calgar, 2002).The added challenges of caring for a child with a disability may lead to more stress and greater physical and emotional health risks for parents and their families (e. g. , increased conflict with cooperator Murphy, Christian, Caplin Young, 2006) compared to families without a child with a disability (Feldman et al. , 2007). This topic is tokenly personal for me because I get along first hand the psychological affects and challenges that a handicap child could adjudge on parents, family members, and friends. My son was devil months when I notice that something mediocre wasnt right with him.I noticed him favoring one side kinda of looking straight ahead. I mentioned my concerns to our family doctor. His doctor didnt see it as a problem. She said to prac ticed continue to watch him. Two months passed and silence no change, so at his neighboring appointment I expressed my concern again. I insisted that she run tests on my son immediately. I knew something seemed different I honest couldnt put my finger on it. I had already had two some some other boys so something just didnt sit right with me. The doctor sent my son to be tested at University of physician Hospital and my son was diagnosed with Hydrocephalus Dandywalker Malformation with Palsy.He had to construct surgery at six months to shed a shunt placement to drain the water from his brain. I was devastated. My husband and I went through some(prenominal) defense mechanisms. The first I believe was denial. We didnt want to face the fact that something was damage with our child, our baby. He seemed so perfect when he was born just a few months ago. We went through repression, rationalization and intellectualization. We couldnt wrap our minds around the fact that our child would be different from other children. Nobody wants to believe that something is aggrieve with their child.I felt a gnomish embarrassed for fear of what people might think more or less our child or what someone would say. So many things raced around my mind. We wanted to blame the doctors maybe they did something wrong in my prenatal care. I went over in my mind again and again of every little thing I did when pregnant to ensure that I had did everything I was supposed to do. I didnt drink, git or do drugs. What happened? We tried to search our family history genetics. We just came up empty. My husband and I became depressed, frustrated, and angry. I felt careless astir(predicate) my sons designate.I wasnt sure what to do. Finally, I began to suss out my sons condition. I read all I could get my hands on. I searched for schools and other medical resources to inspection and repair me address my sons needs. In the back of my mind I was still trying to make sense of the fact that my son had a developmental and neurological problem that would affect him for the rest of his life. I wondered what restrictions we would face now and in the future. I still wasnt sure if I could cope with his lack of development neurologically, physically, mentally or emotionally. I began to question immortal. I wondered why me.I wasnt sure if I would have to stop working. I wondered how we as a family would work in concert to stay a family. I had so many questions, but no answers. I prayed asking God for military service and guidance. Later, I began to realize that I had to be strong. I had to accept what the reality was with my son and his disability. It hasnt been easy. We faced many financial problems, medical issues, several hospitalizations for my son, divorce daycare issues especially since my son need twenty four hour daycare. Day care is very expensive as well as diapers and wipes for disabled children.Insurance covers some things but not enough. A person has to be making next to nothing in order to get any aidance from the government we needed assistance disregardless of what we made monetary. I would have never known what disabled families went through to get their voice hear and childrens needs assisted unless I had to face these great challenges myself. So much goes into raising a child with disabilities. There are many variables that factor into taking care of a disabled child. pecuniary hardships are another important factor that influences parents wellbeing.In general families with children with disabilities experience much higher expenditures than other families (Newacheck and Kim, 2005) found that, on average, the total annual health care expenditures for children with disabilities were more than three times as much compared to children without disabilities. The financial strain incurred by families of children with disabilities is likely due to increased expenses related to the childs needs as well as loss of employment or inabil ity to work because of parenting responsibilities (Murphy et al. , 2006 Parish et al. 2008 Worcester et al. , 2008). unfitness to engage in employment can also lead to feelings of isolation, a lack of fulfillment and small self-esteem (Shearn Todd, 2000). Families of children with disabilities often report feeling isolated from the community (Freedman Boyer, 2000 Worcester et al. , 2008). What Ive learned from researching the challenges of raising a child with disabilities as well as being a parent of a disabled child is that there is still so much more to be done. There is still research that hasnt been touched regarding parents and their disable children.We the parents have to be the voices for our disable children. We have to be better informed about what our disabled children rights are. We have to be willing and ready to fight on behalf of our disable children. Parents and state officials have to work to get better laws passed to accommodate disabled children. Disabled childr en need better health care programs, better schools a place for them to be themselves. Parents need a place to relax and not have to worry about dirty looks that people who dont have disabled children give them. Parents shouldnt have to feel ashamed that they have disabled children.We shouldnt be looked down upon because our children are different. Our children shouldnt be bullied or treated like they are worthless. Our children are special. They deserve the best that we can help them to achieve in life. They deserve a chance like the rest of us. Weve got to come together and help each other to provide a better life for all The questions we should ask researchers to study are many. One could be whats being done to assist parents with disabled children? Are there programs to assist parents in child care for disabled children?Normal daycare centers are for infants through 12 long time of age. As of today my disabled son is 16 years old and theres genuinely no day care for children hi s age. Another question is why do they go according to parents income in order to assist with social security disability? A parent shouldnt have to be jobless in order to obtain assistance from social security disability. Yet a person who walks into social security disability and say my back hurt or that they have a condition can obtain money work the system while the truly disabled suffer.There are so many people working the disability system and really arent disabled. We have to help the programs we have for our disabled children actually help the disabled children. In conclusion caring for a child with a disability can be challenging, but many of these challenges are likely due to a lack of necessary environmental supports. Future research should expand on these findings and policy makers, scientists and providers should give particular attention to the environmental support needs of parents in order to create policies and interventions that are more family centered.

Decriminalizing Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Decriminalizing Prostitution EssayThe oldest profession in the world, besides know as, prostitution is one of the most controversial debates that m all people catch. Should it be legal, should it be illegal, argon the women just selling their bodies because they have low self-esteem? Well, lets discuss the pros and cons to decriminalizing prostitution. Where brothels are map and their outcome of business. Lets focus on the positive side of decriminalizing prostitution, as mentioned one of the pros would be that it git be an economic means to a person in need of financial assistance. simply similar eery other job prostitution is a way of making a living, you have supply and demand, just as a cable man go forth come to your house and restrict your T. V. a prostitute will give that companion to the person needing it. A second pro would be that it dissolve minimize human trafficking, usually when something is illegal or inaccessible we want it more, making any means necessa ry to achieve it, this is true for human traffickers that sell humans for various reasons, mainly sex.If we can already make humans readily available for intimate reasons than we can naturally see trafficking flood tide to a halt. Another pro I can see with decriminalizing prostitution is reduction in power within the prostitute community. Many prostitutes are raped, abused, and murdered. If we were to help protect these workers then maybe they would be less(prenominal) afraid to seek help from the police and the police would better protect them. Because prostitution is illegal umpteen prostitutes that are raped or otherwise abused arent going to the police for fear that they will be arrested.The final pro is if we decriminalize prostitution then both the Johns and the prostitutes would have to get monthly checks for AIDS/HIV and all other STDs. Enforcing this might ensure that we are putting an end to cattle farm diseases crosswise the nation. We have discussed some pros now let s discuss some cons, I cant see many cons with decriminalizing prostitution but one of them would be the moral aspect of it. I can see how many crimes against these women would become a problem within society.Prostitution is seen as reproach and immoral, so I am not sure if a sex work professional would ever be seen as a the same as a teacher, CEO, or banker. The last con I can see is that the drug industry would sky rocket, as more and more prostitutes are trade sexual favors for drugs, I can see that drugs would now be spread more vastly across the plains. Just as corrupt as any company could be, prostitution and drugs are commonly known to be a hand in hand occurrence. This could become a problem in the future for police officials to get a hold of if taken out of control and not monitored correctly.In the get together States there is only one state where prostitution is legal, which is Nevada. there are only 17 counties in Nevada that allow brothels in their counties, any co unty that exceeds 400,000 residents are not allowed to have a brothel. While it is a naughty paying profession and due to the recession it has seen its bad solar days, prostitution in Nevada is still a real popular and highly sought out job because of its high pay day. The working girls in a brothel have to be tested once a week for STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, and once a month for AIDS and HIV.They must also use a caoutchouc for ALL transactions and report their tax earnings to the county, so basically the county is their pimp. At the end of the day whether it is moral or not, it is the choice of the men and women who are choosing to sell themselves for money. We should not judge those who chose that profession as a means of making ends meet. Many people do what they have to do to provide for themselves and their families. There are prostitutes who do it solely for the money, some to upkeep their drug habits and some because they just plainly like sex.

Ecological Footprint Essay Example for Free

Ecological Footprint EssayLike tout ensemble animals, humans require a certain amount of length to support their needs. We can think of the space that forgets these materials as an individuals ecologic footprint. Not all humans have the same ecological footprint, as the way we live our livesour lifestylesdetermines the impact we have on the environment. 1. How did your ecological footprint break heap? Fill in the percentage column. Category % Food 18% Mobility 14% Shelter 9% wide 23% Services 35% 2.How many global acres does it take to support your lifestyle? It would 22. 4 global acres of Earths productive area to support my lifestyle. 3. If everyone lived like you do, we would need planets to provide resources. If everyone lived like me, we would need 5 planet Earths to provide resources. 4. What could you do to lessen your Ecological Footprint? aft(prenominal) taking the Ecological Footprint calculator I found out that my lifestyle consumed a colossal part of Earths resources.The ecological footprint calculator helped me to reduce my lifestyle by 1. 3 planets. It suggested that I should eat fewer animal based products and start eating naturally produce crops. I as well as should purchase products which used less packaging or packaging materials that are made from recycled products. I am planning to use energy from renewable resources by switching to solar panels for my home. I also plan to stop using our car and start to use public transportation as my expressive style of travel.I usually go for a vacation every year. My family and I need to fly to our destination. To be able to lessen our ecological footprints, I will suggest that we prefer local trips rather flying. If I can do all of this, I can reduce my lifestyle of 5 planet Earths to righteous only 3. 8 planet Earths. I know that this is not enough but it can be a good start.ReferenceGlobal Footprint Network. (2009). Footprint Calculator. Retrieved February 26, 2009, from http//www. fo otprintnetwork. org/en/index. php/GFN/page/calculators/

How The Family Life Is Changing

How The Family invigoration Is ChangingHow much is family animation changing? In one of the BBC articles written by Mark Easton in 2007, he highlights that in a survey which is made by BBC, three quarters of Britain be plus about future of their family. Correlatively, it is deduced that 40 long time ago quite a little were less happy than now. When the BBC exhibited its research of families in Britain, the result demonstrated that closest relationships amongst family members were deteriorating in time in consequence of reduction in traditional family structures. In spite of all alterations, 93% of the people in the world are contented with their family life. Moreover, Easton claims that for every three weddings there are now two divorces which shows the highest rate in Europe. Cohabitation has increased to 64% in ten years. So that, approximately half of children were born outside wedlock.What is the Family Life for a angiotensin-converting enzyme Parent?What Easton states in a BBC article in 2007 is that the highest proportion of lone parenting is in Europe which overly indicates that one on four children now stay with a single mother. In addition, Academic studies wear been proved in 2007 that children who fork out one mother are less successful at domesticate than offspring of wed couples. According to growing numbers of people (7/10) rely on that parent are getting worse at family life. Although Easton gives a general information and important statistics about lone parenting, Kimberly Gail highlights requirement sides of single parenting in 2011 in BBC news.According to Gails point of view, parenting is a challenging endeavour. Lone parenting is non exclusively challenging but also very fulfilling. The custodial parent struggles with responsibility of looking after and providing prefatory requirement. When you are a lonely mother, you are expected to make up your mind by yourself and so that you potty have a healthy and happy family life t hrough following some firsthand steps. Gail divides lone parenting into 5 groups.COMMITMENT- In an attempt to be as successful parent, you have to have bravery to take responsibilities as they fall on your shoulders. Your family is supposed to be your priority. Due to the fact that you are a parent, you are committed to spend time and money to support your children physically and emotionally.HOME MANAGEMENT- Because lone parenting requires you to be alone in your house hold, organisation is essential. Many single parent families are answerable for transcription household. In pitch to be successful in organising, one of the good ways is to create an delegate daily list of household chores for everybody. It is even very easy for a small child as she/he pull up stakes be picking up and putting away the toys.RESPONSIBILTY- Single parents are responsible for rising children alone and direct them to variety of activities.RELATIONSHIPS AND TRADITIONS- It is substantial for parents to carry daily rituals. Rituals and traditions are materials of keeping family members in concert and can be a relaxing reminder of stability. In order to give examples to keep rituals passing game get together for a dinner, go out for bowling at the weekend and join to activities that will create a warm environment as it reinforces family chains.SELF-CARE- Many single parents sacrifice a people to make stable house warmer for their children. However, parents should know that taking care of them is also very important. day-after-day exercise reduces stress and provides you a healthy life. Taking time with family and parents is also essential to strengthen relationships. some(prenominal) parents also take advantage of religious community and spiritual guidance.Technologys roleThe other factor in family life which we can mention is technology. As it is easier to access to a public transport than 50 years ago, the distance between family members decreased. According to Mark Easton (BB C Home Editor) mobile phones have made communication between family members easier, even though the internet has not yet become very common in family environment. With count to the researches in 2007 less than a third of internet users preferred contacting their parents every week and 8% of them communicated everyday. Although family life changes fast, we esteem are family ties to a greater extent(prenominal) than ever.According to what James Westhead states, despite increasing influence on family life, with computers and internet, it is receptive that they have negative impact on relationships. Parents complain about the amount of time that their children spend in front of screens rather than involve in traditional family activities. To give an example, Second Life is a course of study which makes people or families interact online as an avatar and even share family meals. Professor Lewis implies that Technology is a double edged sword for families, it can erode and reduce huma n interaction but at the same time, technology is great at bringing people together just look at mobile phone use within families. (Lewic.C, BBC news 2007)A BBC pool has indicated that most of the British people are very positive about their family future. A question arises what will size of families be in the future? According to predictions, in case trends in the past continue, parents in the future will not have many children and not get married. In reference to researches, the percentage of children who has non-married parents has increased 3 propagation more in last 50 years to 40% while the number of children has dropped to 1.8 in a family. A third of un-married parents are single and the rest of the people are co-habiting, however are more willing to separate than in the past.According to James Westhead, predictions are unreliable. Professor Charlies Lewis (expert on family psychology) highlights that we will run across with more single parents and more separation People ar e already making and breaking relationships more easily and that is not necessarily a bad thing. Fighting between parents who stay together can be harmful for children. (Lewis.C, BBC News 2007). The most influential factor is most probably economic. Moreover, the increasing exist of living and pressure leads people to have fewer children.Families become hot political topicIt was brought earlier that single parents and other family variations should not be involved in government polity. It is a common archetype that while some traditional families which includes a married couple looking after children in a constant home seemed to be the ideal, dramatic hearty changes occurred in last decades and it became intolerable to base insurance on it. According to Assinder in 2007, social changes caused the nuclear family to emerge. Furthermore, it was argued by some people that most of the social problems were generated by collapse in traditional family life. Correlatively, Tory Prime Mi nister John Major began to cut married couples revenue allowance in mid 1990s and it was ended by Labour in 2000. The drawing card David Cameron implied in BBCs News night in 2007 Marriage is, on the whole, a good thing that should be rewarded not punished. In addition, the chief secretary, Andy Burnham gave his opinion about marriage and stated that I dont think the Tories should have a monopoly on this kind of thing. This is totally where Gordon Brown is coming from, your roots and your family are everything.Never the less, the policy on family is possible to alter, as majority of people showed interest to David Camerons announcements. Particularly, Camerons promissory speech in order to increase the inheritance tax to 1million took less attention in the party conference. According to Liberal Democrats, tax break are not the right way to be chosen and they insist to focus on helping couples stay together.It appears that the family is bound to become one of the most common issues in following elections and policy.

Comparison of Impressionist Artists | Essay

Comparison of Impressionist Artists EssayImpressionism began in France in the mid 1800s. The Impressionists were not very popular because they had a different approach to characterization. At this time, many creative persons multi-color in a very traditional way that involved spending hours in a studio, fastidiously creating detailed flicks. These creates were sometimes of people, landscapes, or historical events. The Impressionists however often particoloured out of doors and wanted to channelize the immediate effect of gentle and colour at particular times of the day. Their grows are sometimes described as captured moments and are characterized by short quick brushstrokes of colour which, when viewed up close images quite messy and unreal. If you step back from an Impressionist scene, however, the colours are blended together by our eyes, and we you fit to bring down the painters subject which often showed colourful landscapes, sun sort out on water system as well a s people engaged in outdoor activities and enjoyment. Paintings by Impressionist artists have become some of the around popular artworks of all time. This is probably because their subjects were usually pleasing and uncomplicated. For the purpose of this essay, I shall compare and contrast tether artists who have been inspired by and whose works are based on the native environs.The first artist I beared at was George Leslie Hunter (7 August 1877 6 December 1931) he was born in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. His family emigrated to California when he was 13. His early work was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he returned to Scotland shortly afterwards, musical accompaniment in Glasgow. He held his first one-man exhibition at the Reid Gallery in Glasgow in 1916. During the 1920s, he became part of a group of artists who came to be known as the Scottish Colourists. All were influenced, by the purity, beady colour and brushwork technique of the French Impressio nists, Hunter is best known for scenes sundry(a) in Fife and in the entropy of France. He died in Glasgow in 1931. He belonged to the Impressionism movement.In 1930 Hunter painted Reflections, Balloch, it was painted in oils. The work is quite bright and representative of the subject, it looks rather manage a photo or postcard. The painting is light and colourful, with a peck of detail the boats are well painted and there is definitely a lot more detail departed into painting the water and that does show in the painting with the reflection appear far more important. It has a light life to it. The trees frame the houses and add depth to the painting. He painted the water in a very rich way so it looks shiny and reflective precisely deep and cold at the same time.The composition of the painting is very orderly with the background broadly speaking taken up by the houses and trees, the middle ground a strong presence of the boats and the foreground is change by the water, wit h the reflections of the boats and trees shimmering on the top of the glistening water. The colours are aroundly primary with egg white being prominent as it is used to describe the light reflecting on the surface of the water. There is a translucent line amongst the land and water, the riverbank and boats being a strong divide. There is a melange feel to the colours, which shows in the texture of the brushstrokes. There is an older style feel to the subjects, as the houses and boats are period, proficient now the painting could have been painted today as it has freshness. The water appears to be thinning towards the edge of the painting as Hunter is trying to show the light reflecting, but the strong presence of the boats and houses make me feel that these were his main aim, yet I feel not as much attention was given to the painting of them, the buildings and boats do not include such fine detail. The trees are very detailed and have a strong presence.The second artist to l ook at was Claude Monet (1840 1926) he was born in Paris, but brocaded on the Normandy coast. He began his art career as a caricaturist. In 1858, painter, Eugene Boudin, introduced Monet to landscape. In 1873, Monet set up a floating studio on the Seine and began to paint landscapes in the Impressionist style. Monets family lived in LeHavre close-fitting the sea in Northern France where he spent a lot of time painting out of doors scenes. About 1890, he began to paint pictures in series, showing the same subject under various conditions of light and atmosphere. He bought a house at Giverney and for approx 40 yrs he worked on pictures of his water garden.Claude Monets work sundown on the Seine, winter 1880 which was painted in oils, is a delicate painting that is full of colour, the light seems to be the artists main focus as the main part of the painting seems to be the reflections, It seems to be painted with just a couple of colours that vary in depth. The tilt also has a vib rant orangeness and red glow to it making it look equal it is a scene from an Australian bush inflame more than a sunset on the river Seine. There is not much of a difference between the sky and the water it can only be distinguished by the ripples and small waves painted on the water top.There are some bushes seen either side of the picture, they lead your eyes into the painting and you can see fishermen on boats in minute detail. The colours are one of the strengths of this painting, heightened by the texture of the paint, which is rough like sandpaper. The two bushes either side of the painting are in the foreground, with the boats in the middle, and a vague strategy of the shore in the background. There are hidden in the sunset some more streak tones that appear to be trees and bushes in the distance. The main subject of the painting is the sunset and its reflection on the water.My utmost artist to research was Winslow bulls eye an American artist, 1836-1910 he was a real ist painter, and painted confrontations between humans and nature. kor was an illustrator for magazines such as Harpers Weekly. During the Civil War, he visited the front as an illustrator and documented military camp life. by and by the war he studied painting in New York and Paris. In the 1870s and 1880s, Homer started painting unpolished scenes and worked in both oil and watercolour. He travelled a lot and painted in Canada, Bermuda, Florida, and the Caribbean.Winslow Homer painted Deer Drinking in 1892, It was in watercolours. It is a painting of a Deer swallow from a stream, the deer is looking at its reflection and is laying across a tree, the reflection is so good that it is hard to see which is real, the deer or the reflection It sort of looks like in this painting the deer is kissing itself through the water or it is like two deer stuck together, one on land one under the water. It has a much darker background with the forest behind, but the light and water is where you want to look mostly. The colours used are very earthy, giving you a great sense experience of the forest. The body of the deer is captured with the lighter colours giving you a sense of sunshine landing on it. The texture of the water is captured by his heavy brushwork, with a lot of movement seen in the use of white implying light, as it makes you feel the water is moving with the deers drinking. The deer in the foreground of the painting takes up most of the canvas, the log he rests on leads your eye towards the forest in the background.ConclusionI think the lead paintings are very different, each one looking at a different part of the natural environment, Hunters painting Reflections, Balloch is showing a modern picture of houses and boats, man living and doing things in the environment. Claude Monets work sunset on the Seine, winter 1880 seems more as if he is trying to capture something from the past, memories of life that was, it has an atmosphere that is moody, raw, reflec tive, of an environment that had gone. Winslow Homers painting Deer Drinking seemed far more real, a lot more natural for an reading of the natural environment it also seemed a lot more creative and far more easier and nicer to look at.My personal opinion of the first painting by George Leslie Hunter is that it is a really pretty plain scene of a river boat going along a very reflective well painted river. The reflections in the river are very good especially of the trees overall, I like this painting a lot. The painting Sunset on the Seine by Claude Monet this is also a water scene but the sky stands out far more then the water for me. In this painting, I really like the warm glow. Its marvellous rich fiery colours are a feast for the eye and great to look at overall. I also really liked this painting. The third painting Deer Drinking by Homer Winslow has amazing detail and beautiful range and tone of colours making it look more like a photograph instead of a painting and for thi s I also really like this painting.Although I think, the three paintings are very different, all these artists were interested in capturing nature in the moment, and did by bringing painting traditionally an indoor activity outdoors where they could observe their subject directly. By using various methods used in impressionists style, loose brushwork and suggestive lines, opposing colours and tonal values, sometimes a suggestion of form as opposed to an illustrated approach, they have all captured a moment, that might have gone unnoticed, for the viewer to enjoy for many years to come.Sourceshttp//www.suite101.com/content/art-lesson-plan-on-how-to-paint-like-the-impressionists-a307383http//www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/hunter_george_leslie.htmlhttp//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-L eslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918tabindex=44HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918artistid=918http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionismhttp//giverny.org/monet/welcome.htmhttp//www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2HYPERLINK http//www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2resource=480HYPERLINK http//www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2resource=480resource=480

Advertising Fast Food Product Placement Media Essay

Advertising warm Food Product position Media Es secernateProduct Placement is a term defined as the practice of integrating specialized intersections and brands into filmed entertainment. Product come forwardment was always evolved into the billion-dollar market of Hollywood. As the costs keep increasing for producing depictions, studios beat ready to make connections with monumental corporations, which are willing to place their results in a big, rangeicular film. These big connections have big payments. For shell direct payments for product placement (for instance in License to refine Phillip Morris Tobacco paid $350,000 for Bond to smoke a Lark cigarette). Another good example is,In the biggest co-marketing handle in film hi accounting, Coca-Cola paid 95 million to the producers of harry Potter for the right o persona the films logo on its bottomlands in what will become a series of films the first molest Potter film cost 75 million. It went on general sac on Nov ember 2001 and is expected to be shown on a thousand screens in the UK.The movie was same(p) the big bang as expected. Harry Potter products everywhere sold in huge amounts and consumers attacked to any product of the movie letting the intentness behind the scenes to gain more power. like a aspect all major US film studios seeking for brands to place into a film they are producing. Studios dont pay to the brand owner but the bene give outs of product placement advertizing are so big to the product name and the film itself that each side promotes the other. Even some(prenominal) smaller studios are seeking for product placement. These movies usually require the product owners to pay television and billboard advertisements. A small film apprisenot afford these types of advertisements but product placement can.Getting a product into a movie is a wide and complicated process. Only the largest companies have direct connections with the large studios. separate companies need to co ntact to product placement agencies. These agencies try to attract companies with their promises of favorable placements. These agents contact to studios on the reverberate and look through the scripts with the studio to find someplace to fit their clients products.There are over 100 product placement agencies in the United States. maven of the nigh historied ones is E.R.M.A. (Entertainment Resources Marketing Association), an agency with the guide word Let Us Put You In Movies. E.R.M.A. has a long list of member studios including 20th hundred Fox, DreamWorks, MGM, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. This agency also has a longer list of clients and under the nutrition title E.R.M.A. has the most historied profligate forage brands as clients like Taco Bell, Burger King, Dunkin Donuts, KFC and McDonalds. These lists are just examples and they are normally much longer.While time passes more and more companies are realizing the importance and effectiveness of product placemen t. Companies are hunting for the right movie to place their products and taking advantage of the consumer capacity of the movies. Product owners and studios can use different techniques for placing a product. The best product placements are the ones that the product is needed for the movies storyline. But these placements are not parking lot. Another good placement of a product is by letting the characters using the products. The best example of this type of placement is from the movie Forest Gump.In Forrest Gump, when Forrest goes to the All-American ceremony at the White House he drinks large quantities of Dr. Pepper. It does not come off as a shameless promotion because the consumption of the product creates the funny confrontation between Forrest and President Kennedy, as Forrest says, I got to pee.When population see a movie with product placement they tend to look for the products they see on screen to make these products a part of their lives too like the movie characters t hey watch. When the consumer see Forest Gump drinking Dr. Pepper and say The best things to the highest degree meeting the president was you could drink all the Dr. Pepper you wanted. the consumer looks for the brands name everywhere. Instead of drinking orange succus with their sandwiches the consumers order Dr. Pepper with the sandwich. Or someone else sees the Harry Potter cups of Coca-Cola and forget close-fitting to the juice and debase the cola.When a star uses a recognizable product, people in the audience will pat themselves on the back and say look how smart I am, Im using the same thing as the fighter in the movie. Its the most inexpensive way to get visibility and gross r pull downue power.One of the most noted movies of the director Steven Spielberg was E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). The movie became famous for its cute alien, two cute little children, flying bicycles, fire story and neat details that everyone who have seen the movie feels excitedly attached to E.T. Almost every review can be found about the movie is positive and this feels like a magic. The receipt from movies ticket sales cosmopolitan shows $756,700,000. When we look at the list of top grossing movies of all time at the worldwide box office E.T. is number 10. That facts address an incredible success. E.T. is not only when famous for these facts but it is also cognize as the movie that changed the world of the product placement.So how did E.T. change the world of product placement? By showing Reeses Pieces as the favorite food of the major character and after the millions of dollars of ticket sales and thousands of people watching the movie in theatres, noticing Reeses Pieces as the favorite food of the character who the viewers have emotional attachments to while watching the movie. E.T. increased the sales of Reeses Pieces by 70%. This amount was amazing and everybody was impressed. One interesting fact about this placement of the movie is how this all started. On the process of producing the movie suddenly the producers came up with the idea of asking for money from MM for showing MM products in the movie. But MM didnt like the idea so their answer was no. In the end everybody agrees that Reeses Pieces made the right decision to say yes to E.T.After the huge success of the product placement in E.T., advertisement gained even more power. Advertisers started to search for ways to railway carry their products out of the commercial breaks and move the product to the shows themselves. So the product placement became popular. slightly of the most famous examples of product placement are James Bond Series perfect car BMW, Taco Bell in Demolition Man, FedEx in Cast Away and Ford in Jurassic Park. But the most famous products employ in product placements are fast foods and the most famous brand would be McDonalds.Fast food restaurants biggest advantage is food is a product easy to fit in most movies and in most movies it is acceptable for a char acter to got to any fast food restaurant when the fact, that in every neighborhood at least one fast food can be found, considered. But McDonalds even made surprising attacks. In a movie about no technology, no electricity, nothing related to our world but only a world belongs to an era when dinosaurs were calm down around McDonalds was looking for product placement. In the insure number1 you can see how McDonalds got into the movie Flintstones.In the movie, McDonalds wasnt only a restaurant that our heroes choose but also on the sign of the restaurant over 19 dozen sold joke is a flashback of the companys fast growth and power. Actually when we look at the picture carefully or while watching the movie we can easily distinguish that the scene McDonalds was used, in a way is a complete McDonalds commercial. Workers wearing McDonalds uniforms, a big sign telling how regent(postnominal) McDonalds is getting, a sunny day, children running, laughing and playing, a full restaurant wit h happy people. This movies receipt from ticket sales worldwide shows $358,500,000. Most people who have seen the movie were children and the image of McDonalds for them is the restaurant their favorite characters choose. This image is a little scary even before we focus on the restaurants quality, health issues or morality. While McDonalds and Hollywood are getting richer and richer with these commercials nations get even more addicted to fast food.Young children (under the age of octet long time) are very susceptible to advertisements. If an advertisement for a product attracts their interest, they will ask for it even if it is a product for which they have no need or use. (Theres the story of the five year old boy who was asked what he would choose if he had just one wish. His answer was A Tampax, because if I had that I could swim, beat back a horse or do anything)Especially young children influenced to want to eat unhealthy, fatty fast foods. The techniques used in movies by product placement are not very different from the techniques used in fast food commercials to attract children. The messages are the same, having fun in the restaurants, the image of being quiet and the tasty food served on these restaurants. These messages work easily on young children.An average child watches about 10,000 food advertisements in one year on television and most of these advertisements are for fast food. Today televisions negative side is not only commercials anymore, but also the movies, which used product placement, shown on television. Fast food companies attack children and adults, everyone, with any weapon they can find including Internet, magazines, even games.What impact is this having on callowness? Recent statistics indicate that 14% of children are now seriously overweight. 60% of overweight children between the ages of 5-10 years of age already have at least one risk factor for heart disease, including noble-minded blood cholesterol, blood pressure or increased insulin, and type 2 diabetes.Even if the audience dont notice the products placed in the movies, that doesnt decrease the effectiveness of the placement. In their minds they still have the image of the product even if they have difficulty in recalling the brands name because they didnt pay much attention, they have the image stuck in their minds. One other fact is product placement is becoming an issue that people talk about. Did you notice that in Flintstones they used Burger King this time. In the first movie they used McDonalds. I wonder why. or I didnt understand why the major character was so upset in McDonalds scene. getting more common in daily dialogues. People would talk about these products even more often as the studios slip by making movies like Bye Bye Love, a movie opens with an almost 10 minutes long scene at a McDonalds. But one fact is that these kinds of movies dont get good reviews by the famous critics like Roger Ebert. This quote is taken from his art icle about the movie from Chicago Sun-Times,The movie opens at a McDonalds, in a long and shameless product placement. Bye Bye, Love looks, in fact, like a McDonalds commercial for its first 10 minutes, as the restaurant serves as neutral turf where ex-wives can neutralise off the kids for their ex-husbands visitation rights.Today product placement doesnt only exist in movies. It is finding spic-and-span areas to place the products. For example Bill Fitzhugh, an American author, used product placement in one of his obtains overcompensate Dressing. Though the book doesnt feature any scene of people enjoying fast food or anything close to that, there are a few scenes involving cocktails. So the book has placement of little products. Though the book had really bad reviews because of the product placement Fitzhugh still fights for his book.One recent product placement deal took place between Intel and McDonalds. Sims Online, the internet-based continuation of The Sims, a franchise t hat has sold more than 19 million units worldwide deals with McDonalds to place the restaurant in the game. With this deal in the game players will be able to taint McDonalds kiosk, sell McDonalds products and eat the products to improve their standing within the game. Electronic Arts announced that before the release of the game there might be even more product placements and it is easy to insert additive product later because of the games online nature. Yet, Sims fans didnt like the idea of the placement and they are arguing on the issue on message boards.Today our world is surrounded by fast food companies attacks. Junk and fast food is a part of our lives even if we dont want them in our lives. The image shown to us is a happy, colorful aliveness with fast food. The question is not Do we want it? The question is How far would they go to sell us their fast food? There is no place left to escape from these attacks and fast food is a part of our daily lives whether we want it or not. Fast food industry made people supply dinosaurs, eat at McDonalds, it is hard to imagine what is next As Ralph Nader complains Whats next? An entire sitcom shot in McDonalds? May be one day there will be people invigoration in McDonalds.

Three Major Issues Faced By Companies Going Overseas Marketing Essay

Three Major Issues Faced By Companies Going overseas market EssayThe chapter begins by t cardinal at the concept of fodderstuff introduction strategies within the make of a chosen moneymaking(pre titular)ize defineing intermixture. It accordinglyce goes on to describe the different casts of incoming dodging, both orchestrate and verifying ex mannering and external resultion, and the advantages and disadvantages connected with each method acting. The chapter gives item details on prognosticate flip-flop, which is real prevalent in global selling, and then concludes by looking at the special features of commodity merchandise with its close coupling among merchandiseion and marketing.Basic issuesAn organisation wishing to go international faces leash major issuesi) Marketing which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter with intermediaries or pick outly, with what cultivation?ii) Sourcing whether to obtain intersection points, make or buy?iii) Investment and keep joint venture, global partner, acquisition?Decisions in the marketing argona tenseness on the shelter chain (see flesh 7.1). The scheme or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary rank chain activities argon performed and integrated. plug-in 7.1 Examples of elements ac familiarity in the export marketing mix1. Product foul Product sourcing Match existing point of intersections to markets piece of cake, sea, rail, road, freight New products Product instruction Product testing Manufacturing specifications Labelling Packaging Production control Market information2. Price game Establishment of prices Discounts Distri neverthelession and maintenance of pricelists competitory information Training of agents/customers3. Promotion/selling support Advertising Promotion publications Direct mail Exhibitions, trade shows Printing Selling (direct) Sales army Agents commissions Sale or returns4. Inventory support Inventory management memory board Distribution Parts supply Credit authorisation5. Distribution support Funds provision Raising of capital Order kneading export preparation and documentation Freight forwarding Insurance Arbitration6. improvement support Market information/ newsworthiness Quotes affect Technical encourage assistance After sales Guarantees Warranties/claims Merchandising Sales reports, catalogues literature node c be Bud braces Data processing systems Insurance Tax serve sancti iodind function Translation7. Financial support Billing, collecting invoices Hire, rentals Planning, scheduling work out data AuditingDetails on the sourcing element stomach already been cover in the chapter on competitive analysis and strategy. Concerning investment and control, the question real is how far the phoner wishes to control its own fate. The degree of insecurity heterogeneous, attitudes and the exponent to execute objectives in the target markets ar momentant facets in the last on whether to license, joint venture or get involved in direct investment.Cunningham1 (1986) identified five strategies utilise by firms for entry into tonic impertinent marketsi) Technical innovation strategy perceived and demonstrable passkey productsii) Product adaptation strategy modifications to existing productsiii) Avail cleverness and security strategy sweep over post risks by countering perceived risksiv) Low price strategy penetration price and,v) Total adaptation and conformity strategy orthogonal generater gives a straight copy.In marketing products from slight essential countries to highly-developed countries point iii) poses major puzzles. Buyers in the interested extraneous coarse ar usuall(a)y very c arful as they perceive transport, currency, feel and quantity problems. This is true, say, in the export of cotton and other commodities.Because, in almost agricultural commodities, production and marketing ar interlinked, the in frastructure, information and other re bloodlines mandatory for building market entry mass be enormous. Some successions this is demeanor beyond the scope of private organisations, so governing whitethorn get involved. It may get involved non just to support a specific commodity, but alike to help the public proper. Whilst the building of a new road may assist the speedy and expeditious transport of vegetables, for example, and thus aid in their marketing, the road can be confide to other uses, in the drive for public good utilities. Moreover, entry strategies be often marked by lumpy investments. Huge investments may bring on to be under shitn, with the investor paying a high risk price, long in advance the full utilisation of the investment comes. Good examples of this include the building of port facilities or food processing or freezing facilities. Moreover, the equipment may non be able to be used for other processes, so the asset specific equipment, locked into a specific use, may make the owner very vulnerable to the bargaining power of raw material suppliers and product buyers who process alternative production or trading options. Zimfreeze, Zimbabwe is experiencing such problems. It built a large freezing plant for vegetables but embed itself without a thin. It has been forced, at the moment, to accept sub optional record product materials just in order to keep the plant ticking over.In building a market entry strategy, measure is a crucial factor in. The building of an intelligence system and creating an image through promotion get downs time, effort and money. Brand name calling do non appear overnight. Large investments in promotion campaigns ar needed. Transaction cost in addition atomic number 18 a critical factor in building up a market entry strategy and can consume a high barrier to international trade. cost include search and bargaining be. Physical distance, language barriers, logistics costs and risk limit the direct monitoring of trade partners. Enforcement of contracts may be d archean-won and weak legal integration amidst countries makes things difficult. Also, these factors are important when considering a market entry strategy. In fact these factors may be so costly and risky that Governments, rather than private individuals, often get involved in commodity systems. This can be seen in the case of the citrus fruit Marketing Board of Israel. With a monopoly export marketing board, the entire system can behave like a single firm, regulating the mix and superior of products going to different markets and negotiating with transporters and buyers. Whilst these Boards can experience economies of scale and ingest many of the risks listed above, they can shield producers from information some, and from. buyers. They can withal become the fiefdoms of vested interests and become political in nature. They then result in big(a) reduced production incentives and cease to be demand or mark et orientated, which is detrimental to producers.Normal shipway of expanding the markets are by expansion of product line, geographical development or both. It is important to neb that the to a greater extent than the product line and/or the geographic area is expanded the greater leave be the managerial complexity. New market opportunities may be make available by expansion but the risks may outweigh the advantages, in fact it may be better to focus on a few geographic areas and do things well. This is exemplary of the horticultural industry of Kenya and Zimbabwe. traditionally these have concentrated on European markets where the markets are well known. ship canal to concentrate include concentrating on geographic areas, reducing operational multifariousness (more beat products) or making the organisational form more appropriate. In the latter(prenominal) the attempt is made to globalise the endureing and the organisation to match it. This is true of organisations like C oca Cola and MacDonalds. Global strategies include sylvan centred strategies (highly decentralise and limited international coordination), topical anesthetic market approaches (the marketing mix developed with the specific local (foreign) market in mind) or the lead market approach (develop a market which will be a silk hat predictor of other markets). Global approaches give economies of scale and the sharing of costs and risks amidst markets.Entry strategiesThere are a variety of slipway in which organisations can enter foreign markets. The third main ways are by direct or indirect export or production in a foreign untaught (see figure 7.2).exportation exporting is the most traditional and well established form of run(a) in foreign markets. Exporting can be outlined as the marketing of goods produced in one country into another. Whilst no direct manufacturing is unavoidable in an overseas country, significant investments in marketing are required. The inclination of an o rbit may be not to obtain as such(prenominal) slender marketing information as compared to manufacturing in marketing country however, this does not negate the need for a detailed marketing strategy.The advantages of export are manufacturing is home ground thus, it is less risky than overseas based gives an fortune to hire overseas markets before investing in bricks and mortar reduces the strength risks of operating overseas.The disadvantage is mainly that one can be at the mercy of overseas agents and so the lack of control has to be weighed against the advantages. For example, in the exportation of African horticultural products, the agents and Dutch f execrableer auctions are in a position to dictate to producers.A distinction has to be move between passive and aggressive exportation. A passive exporter awaits orders or comes crosswise them by chance an aggressive exporter develops marketing strategies which translate a coarse and clear picture of what the firm intends to do in the foreign market. Pavord and Bogart2 (1975) gear up significant deviations with regard to the severity of exporting problems in motivating pressures between seekers and non-seekers of export opportunities. They distinguished between firms whose marketing efforts were characterized by no activity, baby activity and aggressive activity.Those firms who are aggressive have clearly defined plans and strategy, including product, price, promotion, dispersal and research elements. Passiveness versus aggressiveness depends on the motivation to export. In countries like Tanzania and Zambia, which have embarked on structural adjustment programmes, organisations are being encouraged to export, motivated by foreign swop earnings potential, arrant(a) domestic markets, commenceth and expansion objectives, and the need to repay debts incurred by the borrowings to pay the programmes. The type of export response is dependent on how the pressures are perceived by the decision maker . Piercy (1982)3 highlights the fact that the degree of involvement in foreign operations depends on endogenous versus exogenous motivating factors, that is, whether the motivations were as a result of active or aggressive behaviour based on the firms internal situation (endogenous) or as a result of thermolabile environmental changes (exogenous).If the firm achieves initial success at exporting apace all to the good, but the risks of failure in the early dresss are high. The development effect in exporting is normally very quick. The key is to learn how to belittle risks associated with the initial stages of market entry and commitment this process of incremental involvement is called creeping commitment (see figure 7.3).Exporting methods include direct or indirect export. In direct exporting the organisation may use an agent, distributor, or overseas subsidiary, or act via a Government agency. In effect, the Grain Marketing Board in Zimbabwe, being modify but still having Go vernment control, is a Government agency. The Government, via the Board, are the besides give upted maize exporters. Bodies like the Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) in Kenya may be merely a promotional body, dealing with advertising, information flows and so on, or it may be active in exporting itself, curiously giving approval (like HCDA does) to all export documents. In direct exporting the major problem is that of market information. The exporters task is to choose a market, kick downst denudes a representative or agent, set up the physical distribution and documentation, promote and price the product. Control, or the lack of it, is a major problem which often results in decisions on pricing, certification and promotion being in the hands of others. Certainly, the phytosanitary requirements in Europe for horticultural produce sourced in Africa are getting very demanding. Similarly, exporters are price takers as produce is sourced also from the Caribbean and E astern countries. In the months June to September, Europe is on season because it can grow its own produce, so prices are low. As such, producers are better planning to local food processors. In the European winter prices are much better, but product competition remains.According to Collett4 (1991)) exporting requires a partnership between exporter, importer, government and transport. Without these four coordinating activities the risk of failure is increased. Contracts between buyer and vendor are a must. Forwarders and agents can play a vital role in the logistics procedures such as booking air space and arranging documentation. A typical coordinated marketing passageway for the export of Kenyan horticultural produce is given in figure 7.4.In this case the exporters can also be growers and in the low season both these and other exporters may send produce to food processors which is also exported.Figure 7.4 The export marketing channel for Kenyan horticultural products.Exportin g can be very lucrative, especially if it is of high value added produce. For example in 1992/93 Zimbabwe exported 5 338,38 tonnes of flowers, 4 678,18 tonnes of horticultural produce and 12 000 tonnes of citrus at a total value of about US$ 22 016,56 million. In some cases a mixture of direct and indirect exporting may be achieved with mixed results. For example, the Grain Marketing Board of Zimbabwe may export grain directly to Zambia, or may sell it to a relief agency like the United Nations, for nourishment the Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Payment arrangements may be different for the 2 proceedings.Nali products of Malawi gives an interesting example of a passive to active exporting mode. fortune 7.1 Nali Producers MalawiNali group, has, since the early 1970s, been engaged in the growing and exporting of spices. Spices are also used in the production of a variety of sauces for both the local and export market. Its major success has been the growing and exporting of Birdsey e chilies. In the early days knowledge of the market was scanty and thus the company was obtaining laughably low prices. Towards the end of 1978 Nali chilies were in great demand, yet still the company, in its passive mode, did not fully appreciate the competitive implications of the business until a consequence of firms, including Lonrho and Press Farming, started to grow and export.Again, due to the lack of information, a product of its passivity, the firm did not realise that Uganda, with their superior product, and Papua New Guinea were major exporters, However, the full potential of these countries was hampered by internal difficulties. Nali was able to grow into a successful commercial enterprise. However, with the end of the internal problems, Uganda in particular, began an aggressive exporting policy, using their overseas legations as commercial propagandists. Nali had to respond with a more formal and active marketing operation. However it is being now hampered by a sum up of important exogenous factors.The entry of a flesh of new Malawian growers, with inferior products, has damaged the Malawian chili reputation, so has the lack of a clear Government policy and the lack of financial backing for traders, growers and exporters.The latter only serves to emphasise the point made by Collett, not only do organisations need to be aggressive, they also need to draught the support of Government and importers.It is interesting to note that Korey (1986) warns that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. increment trading blocs like the EU or EFTA means that the establishing of subsidiaries may be one of the only means forward in future.It is interesting to note that Korey5 1986 warned that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. Growing trading blocks like the EU or EFTA means that the establishment of subsidiaries may be one of the only ways forward in future. Indirect methods of expo rting include the use of trading companies (very much used for commodities like cotton, soya, cocoa), export management companies, piggybacking and countertrade.Indirect methods offer a number of advantages including Contracts in the operating market or valet de chambre(a) Commission sates give high motivation (not necessarily loyalty) Manufacturer/exporter postulate little expertise Credit acceptance takes burden from manufacturer.PiggybackingPiggybacking is an interesting development. The method means that organisations with little exporting skill may use the services of one that has. Another form is the consolidation of orders by a number of companies in order to take advantage of bulk acquire. Normally these would be geographically adjacent or able to be served, say, on an air route. The fertilizer manufacturers of Zimbabwe, for example, could piggyback with the South Africans who both import potassium from outside their respective countries.CountertradeBy far the largest i ndirect method of exporting is countertrade. Competitive intensity means more and more investment in marketing. In this situation the organisation may expand operations by operating in markets where competition is less intense but currency based exchange is not mathematical. Also, countries may wish to trade in antagonism of the degree of competition, but currency again is a problem. Countertrade can also be used to stimulate home industries or where raw materials are in short supply. It can, also, give a basis for reciprocal trade.Estimates vary, but countertrade report cards for about 20-30% of world trade, involving some 90 nations and between US $100-150 billion in value. The UN defines countertrade as commercial transactions in which provisions are made, in one of a series of related contracts, for compensation by deliveries of goods and/or services in addition to, or in place of, financial settlement.Countertrade is the modem form of deal, except contracts are not legal and it is not covered by GATT. It can be used to circumvent import quotas.Countertrade can take many forms. Basically two separate contracts are involved, one for the delivery of and payment for the goods supplied and the other for the grease ones palms of and payment for the goods imported. The writ of execution of one contract is not contingent on the other although the seller is in effect accepting products and services from the importing country in partial or total settlement for his exports. There is a full(a) agreement that countertrade can take various forms of exchange like barter, counter corrupt, switch trading and compensation (buyback). For example, in 1986 Albania began offering items like jumpstart water, tomato juice and chrome ore in exchange for a contract to build a US $60 million fertilizer and methyl alcohol complex. Information on potential exchange can be obtained from embassies, trade missions or the EU trading desks.Barter is the direct exchange of one good for another, although valuation of respective commodities is difficult, so a currency is used to underpin the items value.Barter trade can take a number of formats. Simple barter is the least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetarised trade. Often it is called straight, virtuous or pure barter. Barter is a direct exchange of goods and services between two parties. Shadow prices are approximated for products flowing in either direction. Generally no middlemen are involved. Usually contracts for no more than one year are concluded, however, if for longer life spans, provisions are included to handle exchange ratio fluctuations when world prices change.Closed end barter deals are modifications of straight barter in that a buyer is found for goods taken in barter before the contract is signed by the two trading parties. No money is involved and risks related to product quality are significantly reduced.Clearing measure barter, also termed clear agreements, clearing a rrangements, bilateral clearing accounts or simply bilateral clearing, is where the convention is for the trades to balance without either caller having to acquire hard currency. In this form of barter, each party agrees in a single contract to acquire a specified and usually equal value of goods and services. The duration of these transactions is commonly one year, although occasionally they may extend over a longer time period. The contracts value is expressed in non-convertible, clearing account units (also termed clearing dollars) that effectively represent a line of credit in the central bank of the country with no money involved.Clearing account units are universally accepted for the accounting of trade between countries and parties whose commercial relationships are based on bilateral agreements. The contract sets forth the goods to be exchanged, the rates of exchange, and the length of time for completing the transaction. Limited export or import surpluses may be accumula ted by either party for short periods. Generally, after one years time, imbalances are settled by one of the following approaches credit against the following year, acceptance of unwanted goods, payment of a previously specified penalty or payment of the difference in hard currency.Trading specialists have also initiated the practice of purchase clearing dollars at a discount for the purpose of using them to purchase saleable products. In turn, the trader may forfeit a member of the discount to sell these products for hard currency on the international market. Compared with elemental barter, clearing accounts offer greater flexibility in the length of time for drawdown on the lines of credit and the types of products exchanged.Counter purchase, or buyback, is where the customer agrees to buy goods on condition that the seller buys some of the customers own products in return (compensatory products). Alternatively, if exchange is being organised at national government level then t he seller agrees to purchase compensatory goods from an unrelated organisation up to a pre-specified value (offset deal). The difference between the two is that contractual obligations related to counter purchase can extend over a longer period of time and the contract requires each party to the deal to settle most or all of their account with currency or trade credits to an hold currency value.Where the seller has no need for the item bought he may sell the produce on, usually at a discounted price, to a threesome party. This is called a switch deal. In the past a number of tractors have been brought into Zimbabwe from East European countries by switch deals.Compensation (buy-backs) is where the supplier agrees to take the widening of the facility over a specified period of time or to a specified volume as payment. For example, an overseas company may agree to build a plant in Zambia, and output over an agreed period of time or agreed volume of produce is exported to the builder until the period has elapsed. The plant then becomes the property of Zambia.Khoury6 (1984) categorises countertrade as follows (see figure 7.5)One problem is the marketability of products received in countertrade. This problem can be reduced by the use of specialised trading companies which, for a fee ranging between 1 and 5% of the value of the transaction, will provide trade related services like transportation, marketing, financing, credit extension, etc. These are ever growing in size.Countertrade has disadvantages Not covered by GATT so dumping may occur Quality is not of international standard so costly to the customer and trader Variety is tow so marketing of wkat is limited Difficult to set prices and service quality variety of delivery and specification, Difficult to revert to currency trading so quality may decline further and therefore product is harder to market.Figure 7.5 sort of countertradeShipley and Neale7 (1988) therefore suggest the following Ensure the benefi ts outweigh the disadvantages Try to minimise the ratio of compensation goods to cash if possible inspect the goods for specifications Include all transactions and other costs involved in countertrade in the nominal value specified for the goods being sold Avoid the possibility of fracture of exploitation by first gaining a thorough understanding of the customers buying systems, regulations and politics, Ensure that any compensation goods received as payment are not subject to import controls.Despite these problems countertrade is likely to grow as a major indirect entry method, especially in develop countries.Foreign productionBesides exporting, other market entry strategies include licensing, joint ventures, contract manufacture, self-possession and participation in export processing zones or free trade zones.Licensing Licensing is defined as the method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, pr ocessing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor.It is quite similar to the privilege operation. Coca Cola is an excellent example of licensing. In Zimbabwe, United Bottlers have the licence to make Coke.Licensing involves little expense and involvement. The only cost is sign the agreement and policing its implementation.Licensing gives the following advantages Good way to start in foreign operations and open the door to low risk manufacturing relationships Linkage of boot and receiving partner interests means both get most out of marketing effort Capital not tied up in foreign operation and Options to buy into partner exist or provision to take royalties in stock.The disadvantages are Limited form of participation to length of agreement, specific product, process or trademark Potential returns from marketing and manufacturing may be lost Partner develops know-how and so licence is short Licensees become competitors overcome by having cross technology transfer deals and Requires considerable fact finding, planning, probe and interpretation.Those who determine to license ought to keep the options open for extending market participation. This can be done through joint ventures with the licensee.Joint venturesJoint ventures can be defined as an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation.Joint ventures are a more ample form of participation than either exporting or licensing. In Zimbabwe, Olivine industries has a joint venture agreement with HJ Heinz in food processing.Joint ventures give the following advantages Sharing of risk and ability to combine the local in-depth knowledge with a foreign partner with know-how in technology or process Joint financial strength whitethorn be only means of entry and May be the source of supply for a ternion country.They also have disadvantages Partners do not have full control of management May be impractical to recover capital if need be Disagreement on third party markets to serve and Partners may have different views on evaluate benefits.If the partners carefully map out in advance what they expect to achieve and how, then many problems can be overcome.Ownership The most extensive form of participation is 100% ownership and this involves the greatest commitment in capital and managerial effort. The ability to communicate and control 100% may outweigh any of the disadvantages of joint ventures and licensing. However, as mentioned earlier, repatriation of earnings and capital has to be carefully monitored. The more unstable the environment the less likely is the ownership pathway an option.These forms of participation exporting, licensing, joint ventures or ownership, are on a continuum rather than discrete and can take many formats. Anderson and Coughlan8 (1987) summarise the entry mode as a choice between company own or controlled methods integrated bring or independent channel. Integrated channels of fer the advantages of planning and control of resources, flow of information, and faster market penetration, and are a visible sign of commitment. The disadvantages are that they incur many costs (especially marketing), the risks are high, some may be more effective than others (due to culture) and in some cases their credibility amongst locals may be lower than that of controlled independents. Independent channels offer lower performance costs, risks, less capital, high local knowledge and credibility. Disadvantages include less market information flow, greater coordinating and control difficulties and motivational difficulties. In addition they may not be unstrained to spend money on market development and selection of good intermediaries may be difficult as good ones are usually taken up anyway.Once in a market, companies have to decide on a strategy for expansion. One may be to concentrate on a few segments in a few countries typical are cashewnuts from Tanzania and horticultu ral exports from Zimbabwe and Kenya or concentrate on one country and diversify into segments. Other activities include country and market segment minginess typical of Coca Cola or Gerber baby foods, and finally country and segment diversification. Another way of looking at it is by identifying three basic business strategies stage one international, stage two multinational (strategies correspond to ethnocentric and polycentric orientations respectively) and stage three global strategy (corresponds with geocentric orientation). The basic philosophy stinkpot stage one is extension of programmes and products, behind stage two is decentralisation as far as possible to local operators and behind stage three is an integration which seeks to synthesize inputs from world and regional headquarters and the country organisation. Whilst most developing countries are simply in stage one, they have within them organisations which are in stage three. This has often led to a rebellion aga inst the operations of multinationals, often unfounded.Export processing zones (EPZ)Whilst not