HFACS (Human Factors in Aviation Safety) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HFACS (Human Factors in Aviation Safety) - Essay Example Specifically; the case of NTSB has two levels of report that is factual and final (Wiener & Nagel, 1989). The HFACS categorically selected the final one since it contained causal factors that were of interest in regards to the study. However, it deliberately neglected the factual one since, it only contained demographic information associated with the accident. This kind of information was of no interest as far as the study was concerned (wiener 1988). Further, the NFACS did not put into consideration the kind of accidents that was classified as undetermined. These were kinds of accidents that were attributable to sabotage and criminal activity. Nevertheless, the information was culled until the desired general accident (GA) data was obtained (Merriti & Helmreich, 1996) Finally any accident that has no relationship with aircrew unsafe practices was eliminated. The process leads to 14436 accidents out of 25000 aircrew causal factors. This data was subjected to analysis. This analysis yielded three categories of errors, namely: skill-based error, perceptual and decision errors (wiener 1988). HFACS can be both reactive and proactive by paying close attention to the substandard acts of supervision. It can be proactive by taking appropriate measures concerning the provision of adequate supervision and provide well-planned appropriate operations at the deck flight. These measures will prevent any occurrence of accidents ( Salas & Maurino 2010). On the other hand, it can be reactive by making changes in the flight desk after something awful has already been done. This includes making remedies to inadequate supervision and planned inappropriate supervision (wiener

Truth About Food Labels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Truth About Food Labels - Assignment Example So lets study five categories of deceptive food tags one can encounter to the grocery store, to guarantee one does not play into the hands of vendors. Animal food products like meat and eggs, branded as "natural" must be minimally processed and comprise non-natural elements. Nevertheless, the natural label does not consist of any ideals concerning farm practices and simply applies to processing of meat and egg products. There are no principles or guidelines for the labeling of natural food products if they do not contain meat or eggs." That pretty much explains it all and expounds how Frito-Lay, owned by PepsiCo (PEP) , promotes "all-natural" Cheetos by lightly redefining the term as "No additives, no non-natural flavors, and no synthetic colors." Unless supervisory bodies step up administration, the industry will have to police itself. There is hope for improvement, however. Increasing pressure -- together with lawsuits -- mandated PepsiCo to alter its "Simply Natural" chip merchandises to "Simply" without altering ingredients. In August 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration came up with a final rule defining the term for voluntary use. According to the rule, labels were to be brought to compliance defining food as either gluten free; or does not comprise an ingredient that is gluten-having grain, derived from a gluten-containing grain that has been processed to eliminate gluten, if the usage of that ingredient leads in the manifestation of 20 parts per million (ppm) or more gluten in the food. Also, any inevitable presence of gluten in the food must be less than 20 ppm." It is shocking to realize that Dominos Pizza offers gluten-free crusts that agree with the new canons. Unfortunately, one has to lob most other pizza offerings aside.  

Media and Gender Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media and Gender - Research Paper Example With the advent of media and information technology, sweeping changes has manifested itself on women. Today, women spend all their time and resources on media, and are willing to anything in order to be beautiful or change their natural outlooks. This clearly shows that women use media as a tool of educating themselves as a way of seeking freedom from the yoke of women folk, which has enslaved them for long (Joo, 2012). It is evidently clear that most of the media houses take considerable airtime to advertise what appropriate appearance a woman should have in the modern world. This includes the likes of â€Å"figure eight†, tall and slender and less body weight women. Some of these ideal desirable body structures are may not be attainable practically by some of the women. This creates a negative mindset of dissatisfaction from such women should they fail to attain such desirable qualities (In Carter et al, 2014). Therefore, they start a voyage of events that will see them modify their natural bodies in order to pose those deemed desirable by the society. The main problem associated to most of these processes and operations women have to go through may bring adverse lifelong damages in health of victims. The worst outcomes arise where the desired body appearance fails to happen, or the desired characteristics become abnormal, the likes of the various cases that have been documented. Several w omen are on record to have for instance, applied breast enlargement cream only for one of the breasts to be extremely larger than normal and fail to match with the other pair. The main problem is that, some of these outcomes remain unchanged forever and hence a permanent scar of psychological dissatisfaction rules the entire life of a woman in question. Scholars have cautioned on negative results of female objections in the media. It is not, therefore, miracles to find women in the society who are bed-ridden after suffering the negative images that are

Is The World Really Becoming A Global Village Essay

Is The World Really Becoming A Global Village - Essay Example This essay stresses that the majority of the world is still separated politically, economically, and culturally. People still fear the unknown, change, and those who look at the world with different perceptions and beliefs to theirs. War still rages, international crime continues, terrorist acts murder innocent people on a daily basis, and we still haven’t been able to feed the world. Why does the Western world think it has anything to offer? This paper makes a conclusion that it was not so long ago that the West smiled to itself when hearing reports telling of Chinese and Russians donning blue jeans and bopping to rock music. Somehow everyone knew that this meant that we were winning. And, perhaps, some of that confidence was justified – after all we are constantly penetrating the â€Å"enemy† through modern media, television, cinema, and the Internet. However, is the imposing of our brave new world really the best possible outcome? In time, perhaps, these barriers will be broken down as modern technology is implemented with physical networks, opening up new channels of communication. But at what price? Is man really capable of moving forwards without destroying cultures, traditions, and belief systems? Will we crush ethnic groups by enforcing our worldview in the name of progress? A look back at history doesn’t allow for much hope, and yet we must forge ahead if we are serious about becoming an inte rnational community that allows equality and the liberty of all mankind.

Sholud Expectant Mother Be Tested for Drugs Essay

Sholud Expectant Mother Be Tested for Drugs - Essay Example The nation splits into a huge rift as we sit back and watch. No one wants to handle this sensitive issue. Not even the sovereign government of the USA. I know if I posed the very question before you today, none of you would want to stand alone and speak his mind. Yet you have all opted to respect the fourth amendment rights of the expectant mother at the expense of the innocent fetus. Ladies and gentlemen, let me confirm my heartfelt sentiments by asking you this very question again: should the expectant mothers undergo drug testing? Kindly let me breakdown this complex of prenatal drug testing for you, honorable people of the United States. According to the famous scientist, Sannersted, drug can be defined as any substance that when taken in can change the normal functioning of the mind (1996). This general description cages even the medicine we take from the hospitals in the cocoon of drugs. However, I would like all of us to shift our attention from the medicinal drugs. That sounds creepy, isn’t it? Yes. Think of the hard drugs in the major streets of our beloved nation. If you thought cocaine and heroin are only meant for ‘bad guys’ then think again. These drugs have found their way into our homes. Through the small crevices on our walls they have slithered into the heads of our expectant mothers and wives. I know many of you now wonder, like I do, why a woman with sound mind should deliberately take such drugs when she knows very well that she is carrying a fresh brain inside her womb. Well, not all expectant mothers do this intentionally. A handful of them usually do not even know they are pregnant while abusing the drugs. Funny, isn’t it? Nonetheless, this lack of knowledge does not make the effects any different; drugs have the same severity on the expectant mothers. Let me solve the aforementioned mystery first: most people will take drugs for

HumanBrain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HumanBrain - Essay Example The monkeys use their judgmental skills to determine the type of leaves and fruits they will eat. The old world monkeys have a duplicated opsin gene that is lacking from other primates. The gene gives them the ability of having a better vision of orange and red areas of the light spectrum. The ability helps them choose nutritional food substances to consume (Zimmer, 381). As the world develops, the climate changed and the fruits became scarce and the primates had to change their strategy towards smell for survival purposes. The change of strategy from the sense of smell to the sense of sight changes the social skills of primates. The primates have to rely on their sense of smell to choose food and in some circumstances communicate to each other. There was development on the language of odors in the primates. A mother sheep passes molecules to her child that helps them communicates to each other. The molecules cause change in the brain of the ewe that helps it bond with child. It will use the molecules to recognize her lamb bond with it until it is ready to be on its own. The transition enabled primates to respond more emotionally to the sight of other primates (Zimmer, 382). The transition results in change of the muscles in the face-helped primates make expressions. The expressions in the face of the primates were a development of the brain. They had the ability to know of understanding what other primates were doing. Researches believe that the social evolution made the brain more intellectually. Robin Dunbar, a specialist in the area, believes that the size of the human brain continued to develop ever since (Zimmer, 383). Numerous tests tested the social and mental skills of small chimpanzees and those of adult chimpanzees. The results of the research indicate that the children learn faster when they observe what their adult counterparts do. Children develop their social skills by observing what the activities of

Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Gender Inequality Essay Femininity and masculinity are socially constructed practices that reinforce gender inequality. Among the most popular variations of the social constructionist theories is the gender role theory as an early form of social constructionism (Gergen, 1985). The focus on power and hierarchy reveals inspiration stemming from a Marxist framework, utilized for instance by materialist feminism, and Foucault’s writings on discourse. Sex is the biological differences between male and female contradicting with gender which is the culturally and socially constructed differences between female and males based on meanings, beliefs and practices that a group associates with feminity or masculinity. Emerging from the criticism of Objectivity, Social Constructionism challenges concepts of knowledge put forward by Positivism, which states that the reality and empirically-proved truths are independent of the mind. For example, Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker writes that some categories really are social constructions: they exist only because people tacitly agree to act as if they exist. † In fact, there are few scientific studies that currently support a biological basis for substantial differences between the way women and men think. Rather, research indicates there is more variation among women or men on cognitive, emotional and psychological variables than between the two groups (Fausto-Sterling, 1992). Despite this however, the idea persists that women and men are vastly different in their thinking. Hegemonic femininity, also referred to as â€Å"emphasized femininity† by some theorists, is a concept that was developed in tandem with hegemonic masculinity â€Å"to acknowledge the asymmetrical position of masculinities and femininities in a patriarchal gender order† (Connell Messerschmidt, 2005). This theory purports that males possess physical strength, the ability to use interpersonal violence in the face of conflict, and authority while females are physically vulnerable, unable to use violence effectively, and compliant (Schippers, 2007). In order for men to maintain superiority and social dominance over women, the constructs of masculinity then must remain unavailable to women. To achieve this, any feminine characteristic that does not fall in line with hegemonic femininity then must be defined as â€Å"deviant and stigmatized† (Schippers, 200). Women themselves have been made to submit to this stereotype hence leaving men to make decisions for them. Sociologists have criticized this as a misconception of meaning of gender to imply sex. Gender s not a personal trait; it is â€Å"an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society. † (West Zimmerman, 1977). The notion of womanhood or femininity is accomplished through an active process of creating gender through interacting with others in a particular social context. The perception of sexuality by others is an exte nsion of others’ perceptions of one’s gender. Gender is never fully acquired – it has to be constantly performed and reenacted in social interactions hence gender is an accomplishment, (Alsop, Fitzsimmons Lennon, 2002). It is frequently difficult to sort out how much of a measured difference between the sexes can be attributed to one’s biological composition and how much of the difference may be attributed to learned behavior. How do we know if the behavior is truly sex-based? In other words, is there something on the X or Y chromosome that predisposes men and women to be better in doing certain activities ? Or, could it be that people tend to be better at things they have practiced more and for which they’ve received positive reinforcement over the years? If there are no proves of chromosomal relationships or any biological connections between feminity or masculinity and activities performed. Fathers of evolution studies like Charles Dawin proved that the act of being able to perform certain activities is based on learned practice and not man or woman distinction. This stereotype has greatly led to gender disparity and the world is trying to fight the monster created by our fore fathers misconceptions. National news accounts of hazing and important evidence point toward gender differences in hazing activities. In general, a common conclusion drawn is that hazing among men is more likely to be violent in nature and hazing among women is more likely to be psychological in nature. For example, The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky (Woolhouse, 2000) quoted Gary Powell, a Maryland attorney who has represented fraternities and sororities charged with hazing as saying â€Å"females tend to be less physically violent than those involving males. Such perspectives align with and also reinforce predominant understandings of differences between women and men. Analyzing the phenomenon of hazing through the lens of gender theory provides some helpful insights on both similarities and differences in hazing behaviors between female and male groups. Gender theory contends that versions of masculinity and femininity are largely learned through a process of socialization rather than essential to one’s biological sex, (Jennifer Coates, 1996). Nevertheless, particular versions of femininity and masculinity rise to ascendancy during particular social periods. Bem (1993) points out that even while the predominant versions of masculinity and femininity may shift periodically, they generally operate as two poles of a gender binary where the masculine is positioned as active and the feminine as passive. In other words, that which is culturally defined as masculine oppositionally defines feminine. Active/passive, strong/fragile, aggressive/submissive, independent/dependent, and invincible/vulnerable are further examples of gender binaries that depict masculinity and femininity as polar opposites of a vast gender divide. While this particular construction is rooted in perceptions of ideal womanhood for white women specifically, it is relevant to all women because it remains a powerful and pervasive image or standard against which all women are often compared. Over the past few decades many writers have documented the differential treatment of boys and girls and the probable implications. Feminist scholars have long paved the way for considering how girls have been placed at a disadvantage as a consequence of gender stereotyping ( Pipher,1995). Studies in educational settings have documented gender bias, most often unintentional; teachers who simply give boys more quality attention that is likely to promote cognitive development and substantive learning. According to the Sadkers’(1994) research, even though girls and boys are sitting in the same classrooms day after day, on average, boys are receiving a better quality education than the girls. Studies have also documented how children themselves police each other’s behavior according to stereotypes (Thorne, 1997). For instance, if a young boy plays with a doll in the presence of older boys, it is likely that he will be teased and will quickly learn that having a doll is outside the bounds of acceptable masculine behavior. Sexual objectification is one of the worst results of the gender fallacy. Most societies have taken women to be sex objects. Issues of rape are more rampant in women; women are perceived to be physically and emotionally weak hence being subjected to intimidation by men. I want to be clear here that I do not consider these vulnerabilities to be innate to girls/women or boys/men, but rather a consequence of complex and powerful social forces that contribute to sustaining unequal power relations as a consequence of sexism, racism, homophobia, poverty and other systems of disadvantage that render certain groups of individuals vulnerable in particular ways. Conclusion Theories that imply that gendered behavior is totally or mostly due to social conventions and culture fall into the Nature versus nurture debate. Much empirical research has been done on to what extent gendered behavior stems from biological factorsAttending to the cultural construction of gender, homophobia, and the influences of race and social class is key to promoting more complex understandings and developing effective solutions to the problem of gender disparity. Interventions in all arenas need to take gender theory into account in order to design educational and policy initiatives that will work, (Jeremy Earp 2001). Making masculinity visible is the first step to understanding how it operates in the culture and how definitions of manhood have been linked, often unconsciously, with dominance and control.