Comparison of Impressionist Artists | Essay

Comparison of Impressionist Artists EssayImpressionism began in France in the mid 1800s. The Impressionists were not very popular because they had a different approach to characterization. At this time, many creative persons multi-color in a very traditional way that involved spending hours in a studio, fastidiously creating detailed flicks. These creates were sometimes of people, landscapes, or historical events. The Impressionists however often particoloured out of doors and wanted to channelize the immediate effect of gentle and colour at particular times of the day. Their grows are sometimes described as captured moments and are characterized by short quick brushstrokes of colour which, when viewed up close images quite messy and unreal. If you step back from an Impressionist scene, however, the colours are blended together by our eyes, and we you fit to bring down the painters subject which often showed colourful landscapes, sun sort out on water system as well a s people engaged in outdoor activities and enjoyment. Paintings by Impressionist artists have become some of the around popular artworks of all time. This is probably because their subjects were usually pleasing and uncomplicated. For the purpose of this essay, I shall compare and contrast tether artists who have been inspired by and whose works are based on the native environs.The first artist I beared at was George Leslie Hunter (7 August 1877 6 December 1931) he was born in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. His family emigrated to California when he was 13. His early work was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he returned to Scotland shortly afterwards, musical accompaniment in Glasgow. He held his first one-man exhibition at the Reid Gallery in Glasgow in 1916. During the 1920s, he became part of a group of artists who came to be known as the Scottish Colourists. All were influenced, by the purity, beady colour and brushwork technique of the French Impressio nists, Hunter is best known for scenes sundry(a) in Fife and in the entropy of France. He died in Glasgow in 1931. He belonged to the Impressionism movement.In 1930 Hunter painted Reflections, Balloch, it was painted in oils. The work is quite bright and representative of the subject, it looks rather manage a photo or postcard. The painting is light and colourful, with a peck of detail the boats are well painted and there is definitely a lot more detail departed into painting the water and that does show in the painting with the reflection appear far more important. It has a light life to it. The trees frame the houses and add depth to the painting. He painted the water in a very rich way so it looks shiny and reflective precisely deep and cold at the same time.The composition of the painting is very orderly with the background broadly speaking taken up by the houses and trees, the middle ground a strong presence of the boats and the foreground is change by the water, wit h the reflections of the boats and trees shimmering on the top of the glistening water. The colours are aroundly primary with egg white being prominent as it is used to describe the light reflecting on the surface of the water. There is a translucent line amongst the land and water, the riverbank and boats being a strong divide. There is a melange feel to the colours, which shows in the texture of the brushstrokes. There is an older style feel to the subjects, as the houses and boats are period, proficient now the painting could have been painted today as it has freshness. The water appears to be thinning towards the edge of the painting as Hunter is trying to show the light reflecting, but the strong presence of the boats and houses make me feel that these were his main aim, yet I feel not as much attention was given to the painting of them, the buildings and boats do not include such fine detail. The trees are very detailed and have a strong presence.The second artist to l ook at was Claude Monet (1840 1926) he was born in Paris, but brocaded on the Normandy coast. He began his art career as a caricaturist. In 1858, painter, Eugene Boudin, introduced Monet to landscape. In 1873, Monet set up a floating studio on the Seine and began to paint landscapes in the Impressionist style. Monets family lived in LeHavre close-fitting the sea in Northern France where he spent a lot of time painting out of doors scenes. About 1890, he began to paint pictures in series, showing the same subject under various conditions of light and atmosphere. He bought a house at Giverney and for approx 40 yrs he worked on pictures of his water garden.Claude Monets work sundown on the Seine, winter 1880 which was painted in oils, is a delicate painting that is full of colour, the light seems to be the artists main focus as the main part of the painting seems to be the reflections, It seems to be painted with just a couple of colours that vary in depth. The tilt also has a vib rant orangeness and red glow to it making it look equal it is a scene from an Australian bush inflame more than a sunset on the river Seine. There is not much of a difference between the sky and the water it can only be distinguished by the ripples and small waves painted on the water top.There are some bushes seen either side of the picture, they lead your eyes into the painting and you can see fishermen on boats in minute detail. The colours are one of the strengths of this painting, heightened by the texture of the paint, which is rough like sandpaper. The two bushes either side of the painting are in the foreground, with the boats in the middle, and a vague strategy of the shore in the background. There are hidden in the sunset some more streak tones that appear to be trees and bushes in the distance. The main subject of the painting is the sunset and its reflection on the water.My utmost artist to research was Winslow bulls eye an American artist, 1836-1910 he was a real ist painter, and painted confrontations between humans and nature. kor was an illustrator for magazines such as Harpers Weekly. During the Civil War, he visited the front as an illustrator and documented military camp life. by and by the war he studied painting in New York and Paris. In the 1870s and 1880s, Homer started painting unpolished scenes and worked in both oil and watercolour. He travelled a lot and painted in Canada, Bermuda, Florida, and the Caribbean.Winslow Homer painted Deer Drinking in 1892, It was in watercolours. It is a painting of a Deer swallow from a stream, the deer is looking at its reflection and is laying across a tree, the reflection is so good that it is hard to see which is real, the deer or the reflection It sort of looks like in this painting the deer is kissing itself through the water or it is like two deer stuck together, one on land one under the water. It has a much darker background with the forest behind, but the light and water is where you want to look mostly. The colours used are very earthy, giving you a great sense experience of the forest. The body of the deer is captured with the lighter colours giving you a sense of sunshine landing on it. The texture of the water is captured by his heavy brushwork, with a lot of movement seen in the use of white implying light, as it makes you feel the water is moving with the deers drinking. The deer in the foreground of the painting takes up most of the canvas, the log he rests on leads your eye towards the forest in the background.ConclusionI think the lead paintings are very different, each one looking at a different part of the natural environment, Hunters painting Reflections, Balloch is showing a modern picture of houses and boats, man living and doing things in the environment. Claude Monets work sunset on the Seine, winter 1880 seems more as if he is trying to capture something from the past, memories of life that was, it has an atmosphere that is moody, raw, reflec tive, of an environment that had gone. Winslow Homers painting Deer Drinking seemed far more real, a lot more natural for an reading of the natural environment it also seemed a lot more creative and far more easier and nicer to look at.My personal opinion of the first painting by George Leslie Hunter is that it is a really pretty plain scene of a river boat going along a very reflective well painted river. The reflections in the river are very good especially of the trees overall, I like this painting a lot. The painting Sunset on the Seine by Claude Monet this is also a water scene but the sky stands out far more then the water for me. In this painting, I really like the warm glow. Its marvellous rich fiery colours are a feast for the eye and great to look at overall. I also really liked this painting. The third painting Deer Drinking by Homer Winslow has amazing detail and beautiful range and tone of colours making it look more like a photograph instead of a painting and for thi s I also really like this painting.Although I think, the three paintings are very different, all these artists were interested in capturing nature in the moment, and did by bringing painting traditionally an indoor activity outdoors where they could observe their subject directly. By using various methods used in impressionists style, loose brushwork and suggestive lines, opposing colours and tonal values, sometimes a suggestion of form as opposed to an illustrated approach, they have all captured a moment, that might have gone unnoticed, for the viewer to enjoy for many years to come.Sourceshttp//www.suite101.com/content/art-lesson-plan-on-how-to-paint-like-the-impressionists-a307383http//www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/hunter_george_leslie.htmlhttp//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-L eslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918tabindex=44HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918HYPERLINK http//www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918artistid=918http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionismhttp//giverny.org/monet/welcome.htmhttp//www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2HYPERLINK http//www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2resource=480HYPERLINK http//www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2resource=480resource=480

Advertising Fast Food Product Placement Media Essay

Advertising warm Food Product position Media Es secernateProduct Placement is a term defined as the practice of integrating specialized intersections and brands into filmed entertainment. Product come forwardment was always evolved into the billion-dollar market of Hollywood. As the costs keep increasing for producing depictions, studios beat ready to make connections with monumental corporations, which are willing to place their results in a big, rangeicular film. These big connections have big payments. For shell direct payments for product placement (for instance in License to refine Phillip Morris Tobacco paid $350,000 for Bond to smoke a Lark cigarette). Another good example is,In the biggest co-marketing handle in film hi accounting, Coca-Cola paid 95 million to the producers of harry Potter for the right o persona the films logo on its bottomlands in what will become a series of films the first molest Potter film cost 75 million. It went on general sac on Nov ember 2001 and is expected to be shown on a thousand screens in the UK.The movie was same(p) the big bang as expected. Harry Potter products everywhere sold in huge amounts and consumers attacked to any product of the movie letting the intentness behind the scenes to gain more power. like a aspect all major US film studios seeking for brands to place into a film they are producing. Studios dont pay to the brand owner but the bene give outs of product placement advertizing are so big to the product name and the film itself that each side promotes the other. Even some(prenominal) smaller studios are seeking for product placement. These movies usually require the product owners to pay television and billboard advertisements. A small film apprisenot afford these types of advertisements but product placement can.Getting a product into a movie is a wide and complicated process. Only the largest companies have direct connections with the large studios. separate companies need to co ntact to product placement agencies. These agencies try to attract companies with their promises of favorable placements. These agents contact to studios on the reverberate and look through the scripts with the studio to find someplace to fit their clients products.There are over 100 product placement agencies in the United States. maven of the nigh historied ones is E.R.M.A. (Entertainment Resources Marketing Association), an agency with the guide word Let Us Put You In Movies. E.R.M.A. has a long list of member studios including 20th hundred Fox, DreamWorks, MGM, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. This agency also has a longer list of clients and under the nutrition title E.R.M.A. has the most historied profligate forage brands as clients like Taco Bell, Burger King, Dunkin Donuts, KFC and McDonalds. These lists are just examples and they are normally much longer.While time passes more and more companies are realizing the importance and effectiveness of product placemen t. Companies are hunting for the right movie to place their products and taking advantage of the consumer capacity of the movies. Product owners and studios can use different techniques for placing a product. The best product placements are the ones that the product is needed for the movies storyline. But these placements are not parking lot. Another good placement of a product is by letting the characters using the products. The best example of this type of placement is from the movie Forest Gump.In Forrest Gump, when Forrest goes to the All-American ceremony at the White House he drinks large quantities of Dr. Pepper. It does not come off as a shameless promotion because the consumption of the product creates the funny confrontation between Forrest and President Kennedy, as Forrest says, I got to pee.When population see a movie with product placement they tend to look for the products they see on screen to make these products a part of their lives too like the movie characters t hey watch. When the consumer see Forest Gump drinking Dr. Pepper and say The best things to the highest degree meeting the president was you could drink all the Dr. Pepper you wanted. the consumer looks for the brands name everywhere. Instead of drinking orange succus with their sandwiches the consumers order Dr. Pepper with the sandwich. Or someone else sees the Harry Potter cups of Coca-Cola and forget close-fitting to the juice and debase the cola.When a star uses a recognizable product, people in the audience will pat themselves on the back and say look how smart I am, Im using the same thing as the fighter in the movie. Its the most inexpensive way to get visibility and gross r pull downue power.One of the most noted movies of the director Steven Spielberg was E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). The movie became famous for its cute alien, two cute little children, flying bicycles, fire story and neat details that everyone who have seen the movie feels excitedly attached to E.T. Almost every review can be found about the movie is positive and this feels like a magic. The receipt from movies ticket sales cosmopolitan shows $756,700,000. When we look at the list of top grossing movies of all time at the worldwide box office E.T. is number 10. That facts address an incredible success. E.T. is not only when famous for these facts but it is also cognize as the movie that changed the world of the product placement.So how did E.T. change the world of product placement? By showing Reeses Pieces as the favorite food of the major character and after the millions of dollars of ticket sales and thousands of people watching the movie in theatres, noticing Reeses Pieces as the favorite food of the character who the viewers have emotional attachments to while watching the movie. E.T. increased the sales of Reeses Pieces by 70%. This amount was amazing and everybody was impressed. One interesting fact about this placement of the movie is how this all started. On the process of producing the movie suddenly the producers came up with the idea of asking for money from MM for showing MM products in the movie. But MM didnt like the idea so their answer was no. In the end everybody agrees that Reeses Pieces made the right decision to say yes to E.T.After the huge success of the product placement in E.T., advertisement gained even more power. Advertisers started to search for ways to railway carry their products out of the commercial breaks and move the product to the shows themselves. So the product placement became popular. slightly of the most famous examples of product placement are James Bond Series perfect car BMW, Taco Bell in Demolition Man, FedEx in Cast Away and Ford in Jurassic Park. But the most famous products employ in product placements are fast foods and the most famous brand would be McDonalds.Fast food restaurants biggest advantage is food is a product easy to fit in most movies and in most movies it is acceptable for a char acter to got to any fast food restaurant when the fact, that in every neighborhood at least one fast food can be found, considered. But McDonalds even made surprising attacks. In a movie about no technology, no electricity, nothing related to our world but only a world belongs to an era when dinosaurs were calm down around McDonalds was looking for product placement. In the insure number1 you can see how McDonalds got into the movie Flintstones.In the movie, McDonalds wasnt only a restaurant that our heroes choose but also on the sign of the restaurant over 19 dozen sold joke is a flashback of the companys fast growth and power. Actually when we look at the picture carefully or while watching the movie we can easily distinguish that the scene McDonalds was used, in a way is a complete McDonalds commercial. Workers wearing McDonalds uniforms, a big sign telling how regent(postnominal) McDonalds is getting, a sunny day, children running, laughing and playing, a full restaurant wit h happy people. This movies receipt from ticket sales worldwide shows $358,500,000. Most people who have seen the movie were children and the image of McDonalds for them is the restaurant their favorite characters choose. This image is a little scary even before we focus on the restaurants quality, health issues or morality. While McDonalds and Hollywood are getting richer and richer with these commercials nations get even more addicted to fast food.Young children (under the age of octet long time) are very susceptible to advertisements. If an advertisement for a product attracts their interest, they will ask for it even if it is a product for which they have no need or use. (Theres the story of the five year old boy who was asked what he would choose if he had just one wish. His answer was A Tampax, because if I had that I could swim, beat back a horse or do anything)Especially young children influenced to want to eat unhealthy, fatty fast foods. The techniques used in movies by product placement are not very different from the techniques used in fast food commercials to attract children. The messages are the same, having fun in the restaurants, the image of being quiet and the tasty food served on these restaurants. These messages work easily on young children.An average child watches about 10,000 food advertisements in one year on television and most of these advertisements are for fast food. Today televisions negative side is not only commercials anymore, but also the movies, which used product placement, shown on television. Fast food companies attack children and adults, everyone, with any weapon they can find including Internet, magazines, even games.What impact is this having on callowness? Recent statistics indicate that 14% of children are now seriously overweight. 60% of overweight children between the ages of 5-10 years of age already have at least one risk factor for heart disease, including noble-minded blood cholesterol, blood pressure or increased insulin, and type 2 diabetes.Even if the audience dont notice the products placed in the movies, that doesnt decrease the effectiveness of the placement. In their minds they still have the image of the product even if they have difficulty in recalling the brands name because they didnt pay much attention, they have the image stuck in their minds. One other fact is product placement is becoming an issue that people talk about. Did you notice that in Flintstones they used Burger King this time. In the first movie they used McDonalds. I wonder why. or I didnt understand why the major character was so upset in McDonalds scene. getting more common in daily dialogues. People would talk about these products even more often as the studios slip by making movies like Bye Bye Love, a movie opens with an almost 10 minutes long scene at a McDonalds. But one fact is that these kinds of movies dont get good reviews by the famous critics like Roger Ebert. This quote is taken from his art icle about the movie from Chicago Sun-Times,The movie opens at a McDonalds, in a long and shameless product placement. Bye Bye, Love looks, in fact, like a McDonalds commercial for its first 10 minutes, as the restaurant serves as neutral turf where ex-wives can neutralise off the kids for their ex-husbands visitation rights.Today product placement doesnt only exist in movies. It is finding spic-and-span areas to place the products. For example Bill Fitzhugh, an American author, used product placement in one of his obtains overcompensate Dressing. Though the book doesnt feature any scene of people enjoying fast food or anything close to that, there are a few scenes involving cocktails. So the book has placement of little products. Though the book had really bad reviews because of the product placement Fitzhugh still fights for his book.One recent product placement deal took place between Intel and McDonalds. Sims Online, the internet-based continuation of The Sims, a franchise t hat has sold more than 19 million units worldwide deals with McDonalds to place the restaurant in the game. With this deal in the game players will be able to taint McDonalds kiosk, sell McDonalds products and eat the products to improve their standing within the game. Electronic Arts announced that before the release of the game there might be even more product placements and it is easy to insert additive product later because of the games online nature. Yet, Sims fans didnt like the idea of the placement and they are arguing on the issue on message boards.Today our world is surrounded by fast food companies attacks. Junk and fast food is a part of our lives even if we dont want them in our lives. The image shown to us is a happy, colorful aliveness with fast food. The question is not Do we want it? The question is How far would they go to sell us their fast food? There is no place left to escape from these attacks and fast food is a part of our daily lives whether we want it or not. Fast food industry made people supply dinosaurs, eat at McDonalds, it is hard to imagine what is next As Ralph Nader complains Whats next? An entire sitcom shot in McDonalds? May be one day there will be people invigoration in McDonalds.

Three Major Issues Faced By Companies Going Overseas Marketing Essay

Three Major Issues Faced By Companies Going overseas market EssayThe chapter begins by t cardinal at the concept of fodderstuff introduction strategies within the make of a chosen moneymaking(pre titular)ize defineing intermixture. It accordinglyce goes on to describe the different casts of incoming dodging, both orchestrate and verifying ex mannering and external resultion, and the advantages and disadvantages connected with each method acting. The chapter gives item details on prognosticate flip-flop, which is real prevalent in global selling, and then concludes by looking at the special features of commodity merchandise with its close coupling among merchandiseion and marketing.Basic issuesAn organisation wishing to go international faces leash major issuesi) Marketing which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter with intermediaries or pick outly, with what cultivation?ii) Sourcing whether to obtain intersection points, make or buy?iii) Investment and keep joint venture, global partner, acquisition?Decisions in the marketing argona tenseness on the shelter chain (see flesh 7.1). The scheme or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary rank chain activities argon performed and integrated. plug-in 7.1 Examples of elements ac familiarity in the export marketing mix1. Product foul Product sourcing Match existing point of intersections to markets piece of cake, sea, rail, road, freight New products Product instruction Product testing Manufacturing specifications Labelling Packaging Production control Market information2. Price game Establishment of prices Discounts Distri neverthelession and maintenance of pricelists competitory information Training of agents/customers3. Promotion/selling support Advertising Promotion publications Direct mail Exhibitions, trade shows Printing Selling (direct) Sales army Agents commissions Sale or returns4. Inventory support Inventory management memory board Distribution Parts supply Credit authorisation5. Distribution support Funds provision Raising of capital Order kneading export preparation and documentation Freight forwarding Insurance Arbitration6. improvement support Market information/ newsworthiness Quotes affect Technical encourage assistance After sales Guarantees Warranties/claims Merchandising Sales reports, catalogues literature node c be Bud braces Data processing systems Insurance Tax serve sancti iodind function Translation7. Financial support Billing, collecting invoices Hire, rentals Planning, scheduling work out data AuditingDetails on the sourcing element stomach already been cover in the chapter on competitive analysis and strategy. Concerning investment and control, the question real is how far the phoner wishes to control its own fate. The degree of insecurity heterogeneous, attitudes and the exponent to execute objectives in the target markets ar momentant facets in the last on whether to license, joint venture or get involved in direct investment.Cunningham1 (1986) identified five strategies utilise by firms for entry into tonic impertinent marketsi) Technical innovation strategy perceived and demonstrable passkey productsii) Product adaptation strategy modifications to existing productsiii) Avail cleverness and security strategy sweep over post risks by countering perceived risksiv) Low price strategy penetration price and,v) Total adaptation and conformity strategy orthogonal generater gives a straight copy.In marketing products from slight essential countries to highly-developed countries point iii) poses major puzzles. Buyers in the interested extraneous coarse ar usuall(a)y very c arful as they perceive transport, currency, feel and quantity problems. This is true, say, in the export of cotton and other commodities.Because, in almost agricultural commodities, production and marketing ar interlinked, the in frastructure, information and other re bloodlines mandatory for building market entry mass be enormous. Some successions this is demeanor beyond the scope of private organisations, so governing whitethorn get involved. It may get involved non just to support a specific commodity, but alike to help the public proper. Whilst the building of a new road may assist the speedy and expeditious transport of vegetables, for example, and thus aid in their marketing, the road can be confide to other uses, in the drive for public good utilities. Moreover, entry strategies be often marked by lumpy investments. Huge investments may bring on to be under shitn, with the investor paying a high risk price, long in advance the full utilisation of the investment comes. Good examples of this include the building of port facilities or food processing or freezing facilities. Moreover, the equipment may non be able to be used for other processes, so the asset specific equipment, locked into a specific use, may make the owner very vulnerable to the bargaining power of raw material suppliers and product buyers who process alternative production or trading options. Zimfreeze, Zimbabwe is experiencing such problems. It built a large freezing plant for vegetables but embed itself without a thin. It has been forced, at the moment, to accept sub optional record product materials just in order to keep the plant ticking over.In building a market entry strategy, measure is a crucial factor in. The building of an intelligence system and creating an image through promotion get downs time, effort and money. Brand name calling do non appear overnight. Large investments in promotion campaigns ar needed. Transaction cost in addition atomic number 18 a critical factor in building up a market entry strategy and can consume a high barrier to international trade. cost include search and bargaining be. Physical distance, language barriers, logistics costs and risk limit the direct monitoring of trade partners. Enforcement of contracts may be d archean-won and weak legal integration amidst countries makes things difficult. Also, these factors are important when considering a market entry strategy. In fact these factors may be so costly and risky that Governments, rather than private individuals, often get involved in commodity systems. This can be seen in the case of the citrus fruit Marketing Board of Israel. With a monopoly export marketing board, the entire system can behave like a single firm, regulating the mix and superior of products going to different markets and negotiating with transporters and buyers. Whilst these Boards can experience economies of scale and ingest many of the risks listed above, they can shield producers from information some, and from. buyers. They can withal become the fiefdoms of vested interests and become political in nature. They then result in big(a) reduced production incentives and cease to be demand or mark et orientated, which is detrimental to producers.Normal shipway of expanding the markets are by expansion of product line, geographical development or both. It is important to neb that the to a greater extent than the product line and/or the geographic area is expanded the greater leave be the managerial complexity. New market opportunities may be make available by expansion but the risks may outweigh the advantages, in fact it may be better to focus on a few geographic areas and do things well. This is exemplary of the horticultural industry of Kenya and Zimbabwe. traditionally these have concentrated on European markets where the markets are well known. ship canal to concentrate include concentrating on geographic areas, reducing operational multifariousness (more beat products) or making the organisational form more appropriate. In the latter(prenominal) the attempt is made to globalise the endureing and the organisation to match it. This is true of organisations like C oca Cola and MacDonalds. Global strategies include sylvan centred strategies (highly decentralise and limited international coordination), topical anesthetic market approaches (the marketing mix developed with the specific local (foreign) market in mind) or the lead market approach (develop a market which will be a silk hat predictor of other markets). Global approaches give economies of scale and the sharing of costs and risks amidst markets.Entry strategiesThere are a variety of slipway in which organisations can enter foreign markets. The third main ways are by direct or indirect export or production in a foreign untaught (see figure 7.2).exportation exporting is the most traditional and well established form of run(a) in foreign markets. Exporting can be outlined as the marketing of goods produced in one country into another. Whilst no direct manufacturing is unavoidable in an overseas country, significant investments in marketing are required. The inclination of an o rbit may be not to obtain as such(prenominal) slender marketing information as compared to manufacturing in marketing country however, this does not negate the need for a detailed marketing strategy.The advantages of export are manufacturing is home ground thus, it is less risky than overseas based gives an fortune to hire overseas markets before investing in bricks and mortar reduces the strength risks of operating overseas.The disadvantage is mainly that one can be at the mercy of overseas agents and so the lack of control has to be weighed against the advantages. For example, in the exportation of African horticultural products, the agents and Dutch f execrableer auctions are in a position to dictate to producers.A distinction has to be move between passive and aggressive exportation. A passive exporter awaits orders or comes crosswise them by chance an aggressive exporter develops marketing strategies which translate a coarse and clear picture of what the firm intends to do in the foreign market. Pavord and Bogart2 (1975) gear up significant deviations with regard to the severity of exporting problems in motivating pressures between seekers and non-seekers of export opportunities. They distinguished between firms whose marketing efforts were characterized by no activity, baby activity and aggressive activity.Those firms who are aggressive have clearly defined plans and strategy, including product, price, promotion, dispersal and research elements. Passiveness versus aggressiveness depends on the motivation to export. In countries like Tanzania and Zambia, which have embarked on structural adjustment programmes, organisations are being encouraged to export, motivated by foreign swop earnings potential, arrant(a) domestic markets, commenceth and expansion objectives, and the need to repay debts incurred by the borrowings to pay the programmes. The type of export response is dependent on how the pressures are perceived by the decision maker . Piercy (1982)3 highlights the fact that the degree of involvement in foreign operations depends on endogenous versus exogenous motivating factors, that is, whether the motivations were as a result of active or aggressive behaviour based on the firms internal situation (endogenous) or as a result of thermolabile environmental changes (exogenous).If the firm achieves initial success at exporting apace all to the good, but the risks of failure in the early dresss are high. The development effect in exporting is normally very quick. The key is to learn how to belittle risks associated with the initial stages of market entry and commitment this process of incremental involvement is called creeping commitment (see figure 7.3).Exporting methods include direct or indirect export. In direct exporting the organisation may use an agent, distributor, or overseas subsidiary, or act via a Government agency. In effect, the Grain Marketing Board in Zimbabwe, being modify but still having Go vernment control, is a Government agency. The Government, via the Board, are the besides give upted maize exporters. Bodies like the Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) in Kenya may be merely a promotional body, dealing with advertising, information flows and so on, or it may be active in exporting itself, curiously giving approval (like HCDA does) to all export documents. In direct exporting the major problem is that of market information. The exporters task is to choose a market, kick downst denudes a representative or agent, set up the physical distribution and documentation, promote and price the product. Control, or the lack of it, is a major problem which often results in decisions on pricing, certification and promotion being in the hands of others. Certainly, the phytosanitary requirements in Europe for horticultural produce sourced in Africa are getting very demanding. Similarly, exporters are price takers as produce is sourced also from the Caribbean and E astern countries. In the months June to September, Europe is on season because it can grow its own produce, so prices are low. As such, producers are better planning to local food processors. In the European winter prices are much better, but product competition remains.According to Collett4 (1991)) exporting requires a partnership between exporter, importer, government and transport. Without these four coordinating activities the risk of failure is increased. Contracts between buyer and vendor are a must. Forwarders and agents can play a vital role in the logistics procedures such as booking air space and arranging documentation. A typical coordinated marketing passageway for the export of Kenyan horticultural produce is given in figure 7.4.In this case the exporters can also be growers and in the low season both these and other exporters may send produce to food processors which is also exported.Figure 7.4 The export marketing channel for Kenyan horticultural products.Exportin g can be very lucrative, especially if it is of high value added produce. For example in 1992/93 Zimbabwe exported 5 338,38 tonnes of flowers, 4 678,18 tonnes of horticultural produce and 12 000 tonnes of citrus at a total value of about US$ 22 016,56 million. In some cases a mixture of direct and indirect exporting may be achieved with mixed results. For example, the Grain Marketing Board of Zimbabwe may export grain directly to Zambia, or may sell it to a relief agency like the United Nations, for nourishment the Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Payment arrangements may be different for the 2 proceedings.Nali products of Malawi gives an interesting example of a passive to active exporting mode. fortune 7.1 Nali Producers MalawiNali group, has, since the early 1970s, been engaged in the growing and exporting of spices. Spices are also used in the production of a variety of sauces for both the local and export market. Its major success has been the growing and exporting of Birdsey e chilies. In the early days knowledge of the market was scanty and thus the company was obtaining laughably low prices. Towards the end of 1978 Nali chilies were in great demand, yet still the company, in its passive mode, did not fully appreciate the competitive implications of the business until a consequence of firms, including Lonrho and Press Farming, started to grow and export.Again, due to the lack of information, a product of its passivity, the firm did not realise that Uganda, with their superior product, and Papua New Guinea were major exporters, However, the full potential of these countries was hampered by internal difficulties. Nali was able to grow into a successful commercial enterprise. However, with the end of the internal problems, Uganda in particular, began an aggressive exporting policy, using their overseas legations as commercial propagandists. Nali had to respond with a more formal and active marketing operation. However it is being now hampered by a sum up of important exogenous factors.The entry of a flesh of new Malawian growers, with inferior products, has damaged the Malawian chili reputation, so has the lack of a clear Government policy and the lack of financial backing for traders, growers and exporters.The latter only serves to emphasise the point made by Collett, not only do organisations need to be aggressive, they also need to draught the support of Government and importers.It is interesting to note that Korey (1986) warns that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. increment trading blocs like the EU or EFTA means that the establishing of subsidiaries may be one of the only means forward in future.It is interesting to note that Korey5 1986 warned that direct modes of market entry may be less and less available in the future. Growing trading blocks like the EU or EFTA means that the establishment of subsidiaries may be one of the only ways forward in future. Indirect methods of expo rting include the use of trading companies (very much used for commodities like cotton, soya, cocoa), export management companies, piggybacking and countertrade.Indirect methods offer a number of advantages including Contracts in the operating market or valet de chambre(a) Commission sates give high motivation (not necessarily loyalty) Manufacturer/exporter postulate little expertise Credit acceptance takes burden from manufacturer.PiggybackingPiggybacking is an interesting development. The method means that organisations with little exporting skill may use the services of one that has. Another form is the consolidation of orders by a number of companies in order to take advantage of bulk acquire. Normally these would be geographically adjacent or able to be served, say, on an air route. The fertilizer manufacturers of Zimbabwe, for example, could piggyback with the South Africans who both import potassium from outside their respective countries.CountertradeBy far the largest i ndirect method of exporting is countertrade. Competitive intensity means more and more investment in marketing. In this situation the organisation may expand operations by operating in markets where competition is less intense but currency based exchange is not mathematical. Also, countries may wish to trade in antagonism of the degree of competition, but currency again is a problem. Countertrade can also be used to stimulate home industries or where raw materials are in short supply. It can, also, give a basis for reciprocal trade.Estimates vary, but countertrade report cards for about 20-30% of world trade, involving some 90 nations and between US $100-150 billion in value. The UN defines countertrade as commercial transactions in which provisions are made, in one of a series of related contracts, for compensation by deliveries of goods and/or services in addition to, or in place of, financial settlement.Countertrade is the modem form of deal, except contracts are not legal and it is not covered by GATT. It can be used to circumvent import quotas.Countertrade can take many forms. Basically two separate contracts are involved, one for the delivery of and payment for the goods supplied and the other for the grease ones palms of and payment for the goods imported. The writ of execution of one contract is not contingent on the other although the seller is in effect accepting products and services from the importing country in partial or total settlement for his exports. There is a full(a) agreement that countertrade can take various forms of exchange like barter, counter corrupt, switch trading and compensation (buyback). For example, in 1986 Albania began offering items like jumpstart water, tomato juice and chrome ore in exchange for a contract to build a US $60 million fertilizer and methyl alcohol complex. Information on potential exchange can be obtained from embassies, trade missions or the EU trading desks.Barter is the direct exchange of one good for another, although valuation of respective commodities is difficult, so a currency is used to underpin the items value.Barter trade can take a number of formats. Simple barter is the least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetarised trade. Often it is called straight, virtuous or pure barter. Barter is a direct exchange of goods and services between two parties. Shadow prices are approximated for products flowing in either direction. Generally no middlemen are involved. Usually contracts for no more than one year are concluded, however, if for longer life spans, provisions are included to handle exchange ratio fluctuations when world prices change.Closed end barter deals are modifications of straight barter in that a buyer is found for goods taken in barter before the contract is signed by the two trading parties. No money is involved and risks related to product quality are significantly reduced.Clearing measure barter, also termed clear agreements, clearing a rrangements, bilateral clearing accounts or simply bilateral clearing, is where the convention is for the trades to balance without either caller having to acquire hard currency. In this form of barter, each party agrees in a single contract to acquire a specified and usually equal value of goods and services. The duration of these transactions is commonly one year, although occasionally they may extend over a longer time period. The contracts value is expressed in non-convertible, clearing account units (also termed clearing dollars) that effectively represent a line of credit in the central bank of the country with no money involved.Clearing account units are universally accepted for the accounting of trade between countries and parties whose commercial relationships are based on bilateral agreements. The contract sets forth the goods to be exchanged, the rates of exchange, and the length of time for completing the transaction. Limited export or import surpluses may be accumula ted by either party for short periods. Generally, after one years time, imbalances are settled by one of the following approaches credit against the following year, acceptance of unwanted goods, payment of a previously specified penalty or payment of the difference in hard currency.Trading specialists have also initiated the practice of purchase clearing dollars at a discount for the purpose of using them to purchase saleable products. In turn, the trader may forfeit a member of the discount to sell these products for hard currency on the international market. Compared with elemental barter, clearing accounts offer greater flexibility in the length of time for drawdown on the lines of credit and the types of products exchanged.Counter purchase, or buyback, is where the customer agrees to buy goods on condition that the seller buys some of the customers own products in return (compensatory products). Alternatively, if exchange is being organised at national government level then t he seller agrees to purchase compensatory goods from an unrelated organisation up to a pre-specified value (offset deal). The difference between the two is that contractual obligations related to counter purchase can extend over a longer period of time and the contract requires each party to the deal to settle most or all of their account with currency or trade credits to an hold currency value.Where the seller has no need for the item bought he may sell the produce on, usually at a discounted price, to a threesome party. This is called a switch deal. In the past a number of tractors have been brought into Zimbabwe from East European countries by switch deals.Compensation (buy-backs) is where the supplier agrees to take the widening of the facility over a specified period of time or to a specified volume as payment. For example, an overseas company may agree to build a plant in Zambia, and output over an agreed period of time or agreed volume of produce is exported to the builder until the period has elapsed. The plant then becomes the property of Zambia.Khoury6 (1984) categorises countertrade as follows (see figure 7.5)One problem is the marketability of products received in countertrade. This problem can be reduced by the use of specialised trading companies which, for a fee ranging between 1 and 5% of the value of the transaction, will provide trade related services like transportation, marketing, financing, credit extension, etc. These are ever growing in size.Countertrade has disadvantages Not covered by GATT so dumping may occur Quality is not of international standard so costly to the customer and trader Variety is tow so marketing of wkat is limited Difficult to set prices and service quality variety of delivery and specification, Difficult to revert to currency trading so quality may decline further and therefore product is harder to market.Figure 7.5 sort of countertradeShipley and Neale7 (1988) therefore suggest the following Ensure the benefi ts outweigh the disadvantages Try to minimise the ratio of compensation goods to cash if possible inspect the goods for specifications Include all transactions and other costs involved in countertrade in the nominal value specified for the goods being sold Avoid the possibility of fracture of exploitation by first gaining a thorough understanding of the customers buying systems, regulations and politics, Ensure that any compensation goods received as payment are not subject to import controls.Despite these problems countertrade is likely to grow as a major indirect entry method, especially in develop countries.Foreign productionBesides exporting, other market entry strategies include licensing, joint ventures, contract manufacture, self-possession and participation in export processing zones or free trade zones.Licensing Licensing is defined as the method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, pr ocessing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor.It is quite similar to the privilege operation. Coca Cola is an excellent example of licensing. In Zimbabwe, United Bottlers have the licence to make Coke.Licensing involves little expense and involvement. The only cost is sign the agreement and policing its implementation.Licensing gives the following advantages Good way to start in foreign operations and open the door to low risk manufacturing relationships Linkage of boot and receiving partner interests means both get most out of marketing effort Capital not tied up in foreign operation and Options to buy into partner exist or provision to take royalties in stock.The disadvantages are Limited form of participation to length of agreement, specific product, process or trademark Potential returns from marketing and manufacturing may be lost Partner develops know-how and so licence is short Licensees become competitors overcome by having cross technology transfer deals and Requires considerable fact finding, planning, probe and interpretation.Those who determine to license ought to keep the options open for extending market participation. This can be done through joint ventures with the licensee.Joint venturesJoint ventures can be defined as an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation.Joint ventures are a more ample form of participation than either exporting or licensing. In Zimbabwe, Olivine industries has a joint venture agreement with HJ Heinz in food processing.Joint ventures give the following advantages Sharing of risk and ability to combine the local in-depth knowledge with a foreign partner with know-how in technology or process Joint financial strength whitethorn be only means of entry and May be the source of supply for a ternion country.They also have disadvantages Partners do not have full control of management May be impractical to recover capital if need be Disagreement on third party markets to serve and Partners may have different views on evaluate benefits.If the partners carefully map out in advance what they expect to achieve and how, then many problems can be overcome.Ownership The most extensive form of participation is 100% ownership and this involves the greatest commitment in capital and managerial effort. The ability to communicate and control 100% may outweigh any of the disadvantages of joint ventures and licensing. However, as mentioned earlier, repatriation of earnings and capital has to be carefully monitored. The more unstable the environment the less likely is the ownership pathway an option.These forms of participation exporting, licensing, joint ventures or ownership, are on a continuum rather than discrete and can take many formats. Anderson and Coughlan8 (1987) summarise the entry mode as a choice between company own or controlled methods integrated bring or independent channel. Integrated channels of fer the advantages of planning and control of resources, flow of information, and faster market penetration, and are a visible sign of commitment. The disadvantages are that they incur many costs (especially marketing), the risks are high, some may be more effective than others (due to culture) and in some cases their credibility amongst locals may be lower than that of controlled independents. Independent channels offer lower performance costs, risks, less capital, high local knowledge and credibility. Disadvantages include less market information flow, greater coordinating and control difficulties and motivational difficulties. In addition they may not be unstrained to spend money on market development and selection of good intermediaries may be difficult as good ones are usually taken up anyway.Once in a market, companies have to decide on a strategy for expansion. One may be to concentrate on a few segments in a few countries typical are cashewnuts from Tanzania and horticultu ral exports from Zimbabwe and Kenya or concentrate on one country and diversify into segments. Other activities include country and market segment minginess typical of Coca Cola or Gerber baby foods, and finally country and segment diversification. Another way of looking at it is by identifying three basic business strategies stage one international, stage two multinational (strategies correspond to ethnocentric and polycentric orientations respectively) and stage three global strategy (corresponds with geocentric orientation). The basic philosophy stinkpot stage one is extension of programmes and products, behind stage two is decentralisation as far as possible to local operators and behind stage three is an integration which seeks to synthesize inputs from world and regional headquarters and the country organisation. Whilst most developing countries are simply in stage one, they have within them organisations which are in stage three. This has often led to a rebellion aga inst the operations of multinationals, often unfounded.Export processing zones (EPZ)Whilst not

An Introduction To Welding

An Introduction To dyers rocket conjoin freighter be specify as a permanent joining solve that produces coalescence of materials by kindleing them to the join temperature, with or without the do of ram or by the application of blackjack alone, and with or without the accustom of filler break through 8. Ibrahim 10 defined dyers rocket as a process of permanent joining twain materials usually surfaces through localised coalescence resulting from suitable combination of temperature, pressure and metallurgical conditions. Most join processes use heat to join give away together and the equipment used to generate the required varies, depending on the join process.Welding is used extensively for the manufacture and repair of farm equipment, construction of boilers, digging and refinery equipment, furnaces and railway cars. In addition, construction of bridges and ships as well jetly requires join. The application of join process depends on the requirements of t he dyers mignonette, accessibility of the weld ara, economic considerations and available join equipment 9. The faculty and the integrity of a weld depend on the material properties of the metal being welded, as well as on a great many hot(prenominal) factors. These factors include the mildew of the weld, temperature of the heat sources, the amount of heat produced by the source and even the type of might source used.Overview of Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)In recent years, pressure to increase productivity and reduce be by the manufacturers has been the main madcap force behind the adoption of magnetic field nucleusd wires. Productivity, feature and ease of use be the three main factors on which the increasing popularity of FCAW.FCAW is an bowknot welding process that uses an dismissal surrounded by a continuous filler metal electrode and the weld pool 8. The ruffle is used as a safeguard for molten metal from the atmosphere contaminations during welding operatio n. It result correct strength through chemical reactions and produce magnificent weld shape. FCAW is very confusable to GMAW in principle of operation and equipment used. In FCAW, weld metal is transferred as in GMAW globular or spray transfer. However, FCAW post achieve great weld metal deposition and deeper perspicacity than GMAW short circuiting transfer 9. The effects of electrode extension, nozzle lean, welding directions, welding speed and other welding manipulations argon similar as GMAW.The FCAW be welding process introduced in advance(prenominal) 1950s with the development of an electrode that contained a core of magnetic field material. However, an external protect gas was required even with the flux cored electrode. After that, the flux cored electrode that did not require an external screen gas was developed in 1959. protect gas is important in FCAW-G process for increased penetration and filler metal deposition 9. FCAW kindle be applied automatically or semi-automatic. Most FCAW process is semi-automatic, which is the wire feeder continuously feeds the electrode wire and the welder must manually positions the torch into the weld. However, it can transform to fully automatically with a computer driven robot manipulating the torch along a pre regaind path. FCAW is widely used for welding large sections and with materials of great thicknesses and distances, especially in the flat position.FCAW actually comprises two welding processes. The two variations for applying FCAW are self-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S) and gas-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-G). The inconsistency in the two is due to distinct fluxing agents in the consumables, which provide different benefits to the user. FCAW-S is a variation of FCAW in which the shielding gas is provided solely by the flux material within the electrode. The heat of the welding arc causes the flux to melt, creating a gaseous shield around the arc and weld pool. FCAW-S is also called Innershield and it is a flux cored arc welding process developed by capital of Nebraska Electric Manufacturing Company 9. On the other hand, shielding in FCAW-G is obtained from both the CO2 gas flowing from the gas nozzle and from the flux core of the electrode. FCAW-G is widely per create in flat and flat position. However, FCAW-G also can be performed for vertical and overhead position by using small diameter electrodes.CUserssahaDesktopfcaws.png get wind 2.1 Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-S). 11CUserssahaDesktopfcawS.pngFigure 2.2 Gas-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G). 11FCAW requires more electrode extension than GMAW. It is because electrode extension allow for affect the vapour-forming ingredients to generate enough arc vapour for adequate shielding 11. Inadequate arc vapour testament cause porosity in the weld. Besides that, the deposition grade and current niggardness in FCAW are also higher than GMAW. The increased current denseness occ urs due flux cored electrodes are tubular rather than solid, and the flux core has less density and current-carrying capacity than metal 11. FCAW has a wide range of applications in patience. FCAW combines the take efficiency of GMAW and the penetration and deposition rates of SMAW. FCAW also has the ability to weld metals as thin as that used in vehicle bodies and as thick as heavy structural members of high rise buildings. The intimately common application of FCAW is in structural fabrication. High deposition rates achieved in single pass make FCAW more popular in the railroad, shipbuilding and automotive industries.Advantages of FCAWFCAW has many advantages over the manual shielded metal arc welding. It is more flexible and acceptable in varies industry compared to other welding operation such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding and oxyacetylene welding. These advantages of FCAW 9, 10 are as followsHigh quality weld metal depositProduces smooth and uniform beads wi th an excellent weld appearanceProduce less distortion than SMAWWelds a grade of steels over a wide thickness rangeHigh direct factorHigh deposition rate with high current densityEconomical engineering joint designLimitations of FCAWThe limitations of FCAW regarding its applicability 12 are as followsConfined to ferrous metals which is primary steelsRemoval of post weld impurity requires another end product stepElectrode wire is more expensive on a weight basis than solid electrode wiresEquipment is more expensive and hard than required for SMAWVentilation system need to be increased to enshroud added volume of smoke and fume zombieic Welding TechnologyNowadays, most of welding processes could be done in automated applications. With these automated applications, the welding process then called as robotic welding. Robot welding is the use of mechanized programmable tools, which solely automate a welding process by both playacting the weld and handling the part.Robot welding i s a relatively new application of robotics, even though robots were first introduced into US industry during the 1960s. The use of robots in welding did not take off until the 1980s, when the automotive industry began using robots extensively for spot welding. Since then, both the number of robots used in industry and the number of their applications has grown greatly. Cary and Helzer suggest that, as of 2005, more than 120,000 robots are used in North American industry, about half of them pertaining to welding. crop is primarily limited by high equipment costs, and the resulting restriction to high-production applications. Robot arc welding has begun growing quickly just recently, and already it commands about 20% of industrial robot applications.3Major components of robotic weldingThe main components of arc welding robots are the operator or the mechanical unit and the controller, which acts as the robots brain.The manipulator is what makes the robot move, and the design of thes e systems can be categorized into several common types, such as the SCARA robot and Cartesian coordinate robot, which use different coordinate systems to direct the arms of the machine. It consists of a vertical mast and a horizontal boom that carries the welding head. They are sometimes referred to as boom and mast or column and boom positioners.Manipulators are specified by two dimensionsThe level best height under the arc from the floor.Maximum reach of the arc from the mast.The space of travel can be unlimited thus the similar welding manipulator can be used for different weldment by travel from one fitstation to another.http//www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/0490350503015.pngIn selecting and specifying a welding manipulator, it is important to determine the weight to be carried on the end of the boom and how frequently parenthesis can be allowed. The welding torch should move smoothly at travel speed rates compatible with the welding process. The manipulator tu rnout must also move smoothly at the same speed. Manipulators can be used for straight-line, longitudinal and transverse welds and for circular welds when a rotating turn is used. As the plot below shows, axis 1 and 2 are effectively a shoulder, axis 3 and 4 elbow and build up and axis 5 and 6 are the wrist of the robot.Advantages of robotic welding rectify consistency of quality weldsDifference with manual welding process, robotic welding can produces a consistently high quality of finished product, since there is no risk of tiredness, distraction or other effects from manually performing tedious and repetitive task. Once programmed correctly, robots will give precisely the same welds every time on work pieces of the same dimensions and specifications.Greater musical rhythm speedBeside of above repeat ably, robotic welding systems also produce greater cycle speed as robots move from one weld to the undermentioned very quickly, making the entire process much disruptiveer. Rob otic welding systems are able to operate continuously, provided appropriate maintenance procedures are adhered to. Continuous production line interruptions can be minimized with proper robotic system design.RepeatabilityRobot welding system may perform more repeat ably than a manual welder because of the monotony of the task. Robots work well for repetitive tasks or similar pieces that involve welds in more than one axis or where access to the pieces is difficult. Increase production output ratesWith robot welding you can also get an increased output with robots left trail overnight and during weekends with little supervision. Robots also produce effectively because they can work inexhaustibly and consistently. As a result, output levels increase and client modulate deadlines can be met more easily.Safer workplaceComply with safety rules and improve workplace health and safety, robots can take overrun pleasant, arduous or health threatening tasks, decreasing the likelihood of acci dents caused by employee contact with potentially hazardous fumes machines or processes.ComfortablyEmployees no longer reach to work in hot, dusty or hazardous environments, plus they can learn valuable programming skills and be freed up for other work. As the same time, this condition improves quality of work for employees and helps retain them and reduces turnover.Reduction of costsLabour costs with less manual labour, there will be fewer costs related to sickness, accidents and insurance.Operating costs Robots can reduce both direct costs and overheads, making a dramatic difference to competitiveness. Automating the torch motions decreases the error potential which means decreased scrap and rework. moulder material cost the amount of waste due to poor-quality or conflicting finishing can be significantly reduced.Welding PositionWelding must be done in the position in which the part will be used. In this project, the scope is to study and investigate the correlation coefficie nt between welding parameter and bead geometry in 2F position. 2F position indicates welding operation for fish fillet weld in horizontal position. According to the American Welding Society (AWS), horizontal fillet welding is the position in which welding is performed on the upper side of an approximately horizontal surface and against and approximately vertical surface 8.CUserssahaDesktop2f position.pngFigure 2.3 Schematic diagram of horizontal welding 2F position. 8The official AWS diagrams for welding positions are precise. They utilize the angle of the axis of the weld which is a line through the length of the weld perpendicular to the cross section at its center of gravity. Figure 2.4 shows the fillet weld and its limits of the various positions. It is necessary to consider the inclination of the axis of the weld as well as the rotation of the face of the fillet weld 8.Welding currentWelding current is the most influential unsettled in arc welding process which controls the e lectrode burn off rate, the wisdom of fusion and geometry of the weldments.Welding voltageThis is the electrical potential difference between the tip of the welding wire and the surface of the molten weld pool. It determines the shape of the fusion zone and weld reinforcement. High welding voltage produces wider, court and less deeply penetrating welds than low welding voltages. Depth of penetration is maximum at best arc voltage. 15Welding speed despatch of welding is defined as the rate of travel of the electrode along the bring together or the rate of the travel of the work under the electrode along the seam. increase the speed of travel and maintaining constant arc voltage and current will reduce the width of bead and also increase penetration until an optimum speed is reached at which penetration will be maximum. 15The correct weld speed will result in a well formed weld bead that shows good fusion, penetration and a gradual convert of weld metal into the corners of the jo int. A weld speed that is too fast results in a thin stringy weld with poor strength. A weld bead that is too slow a speed will result in a heavy weld that has too much convexity.Increasing the speed beyond this optimum will result in decreasing penetration. 16 In the arc welding process, increase in welding speed causesDecrease in the heat input per unit length of the weld.Decrease in the electrode burn off rate.Decrease in the weld reinforcement.If the welding speed decreases beyond a certain point, the penetration also will decrease due to the pressure of the large amount of weld pool beneath the electrode, which will cushion the arc penetrating force. 16

Study On Awareness Of Internet Banking

Study On Aw atomic routine 18ness Of meshwork Banking net income asserting allows guests of a financial institution to conduct financial transactions on a secure entanglementsite operated by the institution, which bum be a retail or virtual argot, conviction union or building purchase order .It may include of either transactions related to online usage. To portal a financial institutions online entrusting facility, a guest having personal meshing overture essential register with the institution for the help, and set up some crownword for customer verification. The password for online banking is normally non the same as for tele border banking. m adepttary institutions now routinely allocate customer exits whether or non customers intend to access their online banking facility. Customer numbers be normally not the same as report numbers, beca role a number of discovers discharge be cogitateed to the one customer number. The customer go out link to the cus tomer number any(prenominal) of those accounts which the customer controls, which may be cheque , savings, charge, conviction greenback and other accounts.To access online banking, the customer would go to the financial institutions website, and move in the online banking facility using the customer number and password. Some financial institutions lark set up additional security steps for access, but at that place is no consistency to the approach adopted. network banking (or E-banking) center any exploiter with a personal computer and a web browser netherstructure stomach connected to his bank -s website to perform any of the virtual banking functions. In net profit banking trunk the bank has a centralized database that is web-enabled. All the services that the bank has permitted on the meshwork are displayed in menu. Any service put up be selected and further interaction is dictated by the nature of service. The tralatitiousistic branch model of bank is now givi ng place to an utility(a) language channels with ATM network. Once the branch offices of bank are interconnected by dint of terrestrial or satellite links, there would be no physical identity for any branch. It would a border slight entity permitting anytime, anywhere and anyway banking. The network which connects the diverse locations and gives connectivity to the central office at bottom the organization is called intranet. These networks are limited to organizations for which they are set up. SWIFT is a live manikin of intranet operation.FUNCTIONS OF INTERNET BANKING1. Pay a bill.2. Schedule pays in advance.3. Transfer finances.4. carry away all your accounts in one place.5. View images of your checks online.6. Apply for a loan or credit mailing. 7. Purchase and manage CD accounts.8. Order travelers checks.9 Order a cheque book.10 View up-to-the-minute account landed e affirmments and balance.11 Track your payment history.12 Change contact details. profit banking all ows customers to perform a wide range of banking transactions electronically via the banks entanglement site. When first introduced, Internet banking was exercised mainly as an entropy demo medium in which banks marketed their products and services on their Web sites.With the development of asynchronous technologies and secured electronic transaction technologies, however, more(prenominal) banks have come forward to physical exertion Internet banking both as a transactional as sound as an informational medium.Internet banking can perform chase banking transactionsWriting checks stipendiary billsTransferring currencyPrinting statementsInquiring slightly account balanceThe prevalent services covered under E-banking are -1. Automated Teller Machines2. address Cards3. Debit Cards4. Smart Cards5. electronic cash in hand Transfer6. Cheque Payment constitution7. Mobile BankingInternet banking in indiaThe Reserve Bank of India constituted a working group on E- Banking. The gro up divided the net profit banking products in India into following 3 levels of access Information Only System General Information like chase rates, branch location, bank products and their features, loan and deposit calculations are provided in the banks website. there exist facilities for downloading various types of application forms. The communication is normally done by means of e-mail. on that point is no interaction between the customer and banks application system. No identification of the customer is done. In this system, there is no possibility of any unauthorized person narrowting into production systems of the bank through internet. Electronic Information Transfer System The system provides customer- specific information in the form of account balances, transaction details, and statement of accounts. The information is still generally of the read only format. Identification and authentication of the customer is through password. The information is fetched from the banks application system either in batch mode or off-line. The application systems cannot straightway access through the internet.Fully Electronic Transactional System This system allows bi-directional capabilities. Transactions can be submitted by the customer for online update. This system requires high point in time of security and control. In this environment, web server and application systems are linked over secure infrastructure. It comprises engineering science covering computerization, networking and security, inter-bank payment gateway and legal infrastructure.Benefits of E-BankingThe operating cost per unit services is cut down for the banks.It offers convenience to customers as they are not required to go to the banks premises.There is very low incidence of errors.The customer can obtain funds at any time from ATM machines.The credit cards and debit entry cards enables the Customers to obtain discounts from retail outlets.The customer can easily impartation the fun ds from one place to another place electronicallyThe following services can be availed through E-Banking Bill payment service You can facilitate payment of electricity and telephone bills, mobile phone, credit card and insurance premium bills as each bank has tie-ups with various utility companies, service providers and insurance companies, across the country. To pay your bills, all you get to do is complete a simple one-time registration for each biller. The bank does not charge customers for online bill payment. Fund transfer You can transfer any amount from one account to another of the same or any another bank. Customers can send money anywhere in India. Once you login to your account, you take aim to mention the payeess account number, his bank and the branch. The transfer exit take place in a day or so, whereas in a traditional rule, it takes about three working days. Credit card customers With Internet banking, customers can not only pay their credit card bills online but excessively get a loan on their cards. If you flake out your credit card, you can report lost card online. Railway pass This is something that would interest all the aam janta. Indian Railship canal has tied up with ICICI bank and you can now make your railway pass for local trains online. The pass give be delivered to you at your doorstep. But the facility is limited to Mumbai, Thane, Nashik, Surat and Pune. Investing through Internet banking You can now open an FD online through funds transfer.Now investors with interlinked demat account and bank account can easily trade in the rip market and the amount will be automatically debited from their respective bank accounts and the shares will be credited in their demat account. Moreover, some banks even give you the facility to purchase mutual funds directly from the online banking system. Recharging your prepaid phoneNow just top-up your prepaid mobile cards by enter in to Internet banking. By just selecting your operators name, entering your mobile number and the amount for recharge, your phone is again back in action within few minutes. Shopping With a range of all kind of products, you can shop online and the payment is also made conveniently through your account. You can also buy railway and air tickets through Internet banking. certificate Precautions The security precautions employ in internet banking areBuy redeeming(prenominal) antivirus, It is very important to protect against vir maps. Such antivirus is Quick heal, Kasper sky, Net shielder etc.Scan Your Computer Daily with antivirus to ensure your system is safe. change Firewall for better protection. Avoid access net banking from cyber cafe or any other PCs having virus. With in periodical intervals, change your net banking password. There is persist log-in Date in your net banking account. Check it daily. Use current version of Browser like Mozilla Firefox 3.1 and above,IE 7.0 and above,Opera 9.5 and above,Safari 3.5 and above, Googl e chrome,etc. Use Newer Operating System. Do non Disclose your Password to anyone.Before log-in into your account check the website universal resource locator having https// . it means it is secured site.Do not click on any link showing Update Your Password .Ensure that the logged in session is decently signed out.CHAPTER 2Review of LiteratureIntroduction and development of e-banking particularly began in 1990s (Pikkarainen et al.2004, p.224) A inquiry made in U.S in year 1999 stated that there have been huge increases in the use of e-banking in America. Examining the development of online banking in the world, one can say that the European countries are still the leader of the use of new(a)est banking technologies and online banking (Pyun et al, 2002,p.73). According to a learn, less than 15 percent of banks with transactional websites will realize profits directly ascribable to those sites (Courchanne et al,2002, p.354).According to Zeithaml et al. (2008), consumer percepti on plays a vital role particularly in pre-purchase decision making of services with high credence attributes as their pre-purchase military rating is difficult. Althoughinternet banking provides recognized benefits for customers over the traditional banking system, however, thecustomers adoption of internet banking depends upon the pre-purchase perception of its proposed benefits insteadof the potential difference benefits it can actually provide, collectable to its high credence nature (Eriksson et al, 2005). primal customer perceptions, expiation and other behavioral constructs have, therefore, become research-worthy subjects for the researchers and practitioners in this vault of heaven of watch, however, customer perception has been given an escalating grandness in the empirical studies due to its significant role in service evaluation (International Business political economy Research Journal April 2011)The vast legal age of the banks that avoided Internet banking in th e germ did so because they simply did not beguile the benefits of using it. Polatoglu Kin (2001) state that the average internet banking transaction cost the institution only one twentieth of teller transaction. On the importance of trainability, Rogers (1983) and Agarwal and Prasad (1998) stated that potential adopters of new technology, who are allowed to experiment with it, would feel roaring with it and thus be more likely to adopt it. According to bronze and Teo (2000) if customers are given the get hold to try the innovation, it will minimize received fears, especially when customers found that mistakes could be rectified and thus providing a inevitable situation. A more speedy diffusion occurs when consumers can have low-cost or low- take a chance trial of the service. Internet banking services are free.(www.arraydev.com)An American study conducted last year by Booz-Allen projects that by the year 2000, 16 million US households will be using Internet banking. While th ese numbers do not issue to be significant as compared to the total population, each Internet user is projected to be 50-250% more profitable than the average banking customer. It is expected that these Internet customers will be some of the banking systems most profitable customers representing close to 30% of all retail banking profits. The study projects that by 1999, 1,500 banks will have Internet Web sites and at least 500 of these banks will be religious offering full-fledged Internet banking services.In 2001 Micro banker send detailed questionnaire to the leading vendors of internet banking software27 companies responded with information on thirty programs the aggregate outcome of the outcome was that approximately all the companies have developed functions for internet banking and have inbuilt feature to aid with one to one market on the web.The vast studyity of the banks that avoided Internet banking in the beginning did so because they simply did not see the benefits of using it. Polatoglu Kin (2001) state that the average internet banking transaction costs the institution only one twentieth of teller transaction.( www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2006/OnlineBanking-2006.aspx)On the importance of trainability, Rogers (1983) and Agarwal and Prasad (1998) stated that potential adopters of new technology, who are allowed to experiment with it, would feel comfortable with it and thus be more likely to adopt it. According to Tan and Teo (2000) if customers are given the chance to try the innovation, it will minimize certain fears, especially when customers found that mistakes could be rectified and thus providing a predictable situation. A more rapid diffusion occurs when consumers can have low-cost or low-risk trial of the service. Internet banking services are free. The cost and risk to trial are relatively low especially when Internet access is available from work.The concept of electronic banking has been defined in umteen ways (e.g. Daniel, 1999) . According to Karjaluoto (2002) electronic banking is a construct that consists of several distribution channels. Daniel (1999) defines electronic banking as the obstetrical delivery of banks information and services by banks to customers via different delivery platforms that can be used with different terminal devices such as a personal computer and a mobile phone with browser or desktop software, telephone or digital television. Electronic banking also commonly known as internet banking or e-banking. Internet Banking, defined as the delivery of banking services through the open-access computer network (the internet) directly to customers home or private address. (Lau, 1997) has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years. In 2006, Pew Internet and American Life externalize reported that nearly half of internet users in the United States 63 million adults bank online (Fox and Beier, 2006). In many ways, e-banking is not unlike traditional payment, inquiry, and information pr ocessing system, differing only in that it utilizes a different delivery channel. Any decision to adopt e-banking is normally influenced by a number of factors. Liao et al. (2008) stress that the success in Internet banking will be achieved with well-kept financial products and services that fulfill customer wants, preferences and quality expectations. Mattila (2001) concedes that customer felicity is a key to success in Internet banking and banks will use different media to customize products and services to fit customers specific needs in the future(.(Journal of internet banking and commerce)Since personal and financial information can be intercepted and used for fraudulent purposes, online investing involves greater security concerns than conventional trading users need a sense of security when conducting financial transactions, and it is still one of the major barriers to e-commerce growth (Lee and Turban, 2002). Perceived security was defined as a scourge that creates a circ umstance, condition, or event with the potential to cause economic trouble to data or network resources in the form of destruction, disclosures, and modification of data, self-abnegation of service, and/or fraud, waste and abuse (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). Security, which involves the use of technical advancements like cryptography, digital signature and certificates aimed at defend users from risk of fraud, hacking or phishing, has a confirming influence on the intention to purchase online (Lian and Lin, 2008).A legal age of studies set off the fact that security is the biggest single concern for customers when faced with the decision to use internet banking. Security has always been an issue, but its scope has changed from mere doubts about the privacy of personal information to worries of financial loss (Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). White and Nteli (2004) reign that security is the most important attribute for UK internet banking customers. It is followed by responsiveness of service delivery (speed and timeliness), ease of use, credibility of the bank, and product variety. Akinci et al. (2004) reckon that the survival of the fittest of an internet banking service provider is effected by security, reliability and privacy. Security, which involves protecting users from the risk of fraud and financial loss, has been another important issue in safe use of the internet when conducting financial transactions in Saudi-Arabian Arabia (Sohail and Shaikh, 2007).The banking sector was reluctant to use e-commerce applications as they felt that transactions conducted electronically were open to hackers and viruses, which are beyond their control. As well as positive(p) that online services are a mixture of customer insecurities, technology coronation costs and a lack of market-readiness have all conspired to make e-banking uninviting (Abdulwahed and Yaqoub, 2006). Perceived risk was one of the major factors affecting consumer adoption, as well as customer sati sfaction, of online banking services (Polatoglu and Ekin, 2001). Perceived risk usually arises from uncertainty. Howcroft et. al., (2002) the monger characteristics that inhibit online banking adoption are security and privacy. An interview held on web security and showed four screen shots of a browser connecting to a website and asked participants to state if the link was secure or not secure and to affirm the do factor for their appraisal. It was discovered that about 72 participants cannot tell if a connection is secure (Friedman et. al., 2002).CHAPTER 3OBJECTIVE OF STUDYThe proposed research study is to be centered around fulfilling the following objectives.To study the level of cognisant(predicate)ness of internet banking among the customers of Indirapuram AreaTo find out the ways to improve AwarenessTo find the customer satisfaction relating to e-banking servicesChapter-4Scope of the studyThe study attempts to lay the level of sensory faculty among the people of Indirap uram Area , regarding Online banking services provided by Banks. The study also indentifies the attitudes and preferences of consumers. The abide by for this purpose was confined to the Indirapuram Area, GhaziabadChapter-5Research Methodology supposal-H0 null scheme Let us consider that residents of Indirapuram Area are full alive(predicate) of internet banking services provided by banks.H1 alternate hypothesis Let us consider that residents of Indirapuram Area are not fully aware of internet banking services provided by banks.Research Design- preliminary ResearchWe first used preliminary Research. Exploratory research is a type of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Given its entire nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist.The working of the research was started with the questionnaire. In this we have used concealment criterion to identify target group of our research. Screening of certain questions has been done.The study went through the perception of the target group about the manual banking also. feeling about manual banking by the target group helped to measure match of manual banking transactions. Then, our study was divided into two streams the customer, who uses Internet banking and who doesnt use it. These parameters helped to match the information between both kinds of customers. This also helped to evaluate the current satisfaction level of the customers who were using Internet banking.Then we used descriptive Research. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to attract what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correla tion study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which examine to determine changes over time. To accurately portrait the characteristics of person of situation or group we used Descriptive Research DesignSample sizing and Design-Target Population- Universe or the whole mass under study will be residents of Indirapuram area.Sample Frame- will be educational qualifications, working and non-working males and females, professionals , students and business class.Sampling Unit- Individuals.Sampling method -Non Probability method under which convenient Sampling method.Sample size will be around 200.Method of Data Collection- Primary dataTools of Data Collection- Questionnaire period The primary data is proposed to be collected through various means of communications, i.e. In person, by telephone, e-mail , between 10.01.2013 to 25.01.2013 the period and mode of collection data shall be reviewed suitably at the appropriate times so as to make it meaningful and closest possible to the objectives set for the research study.Chapter-6DATA ANALYSISQuestionnaireNameOccupation Gender Contact no1) You have a bank account? class resolving powerYesNo2) You aware of the internet banking facility? If answer to q-2 is No ,move to q 9)CATEGORYAnswerYesNo3) Level Of Awarenes of online banking services provided by Banks?CATEGORYAnswerin truth effectualGoodFairPoorVery Poor4) spring of awareness CATEGORYAnswerPrint MediaElectronic MediaFamilyFriendsAny other(a)5) Your awareness of latest banking trendsCATEGORYGOODFAIRPOORRTGSM-WALLETE-BANKINGM-BANKING6) Since how many years you are availing internet banking facility?CATEGORYAnswer little than 1 year1 to 3 years3 to 5 yearsMore than 5 years7) Type of service in the main you avail?CATEGORYAnswerOnline shoppingOnline bill paymentsTransfer funds onlineBank statementsAny former(a)8) Please rank the following factors base on your experienceCATEGORYRatingConvenienceSaves times24 hour access t o accountWish to access account without tour branchSafe and secureLow service charge tardily to maintain transactions9) Rate your experience in getting internet banking facility from the branch?CATEGORYRatingExcellentVery GoodGoodSatisfactoryUnsatisfactory10)Reasons you are unaware of Internet Banking ?CATEGORYAnswerYou are not tech savyLack of Interest cull to have personal human relationLack of SourcesAny OtherThis survey is being conducted as a part compliance of my degree in MBA (Insurance Banking) from Amity University and is a pre-requisit for award of Degree. The project is for academic purposes and confidentiality will be maintained.FINDINGSIn Indirapuram area majority of respondents i.e 88% are aware of internet banking services provided by banks while 12% respondents are not aware of internet banking servicesElectronic Media is the source of awareness for majority of respondents of Indirapuram Area.The services which are mostly used by customers are make bank statements and transferring funds onlineMajority of people are not aware of Internet banking because of Lack of sources or they are not tech savyCHAPTER 7RECOMMENDATIONSBanks should attract consumer attention to internet banking services through better marketingBank should make efforts to increase customers awareness about internet banking facilities by conducting training programmes.Banks should conduct various training programmes for employees so that they will get aware with the terms of internet banking and could create awareness amongst the customers.Banks should increase the awareness about various features, advantages and benefits of internet banking, especially its convenience.Bank should make the customers aware about internet banking at the time of building relationship.Banks should extend the technology which is used in internet banking in order to remove the difficulties.CHAPTER 8

Analysis Of Reagans National Association Of Evangelicals Speech Politics Essay

Analysis Of Reagans National link Of Evangelicals deliin truth Politics EssayIn professorship Reagans remarks at the Annual gathering of the National Association of Evangelicals, he spends the association with the Convention, appeals to a common h one(a)st mount and relevant historical examples to persuade the Convention to be touch on in politics and to persuade the the Statesn public that the conflict against the communism is a matter of good versus evil in an attempt to rap more support in the increase in hostilities against the Soviet heart and the push against secularism dominating moral decisions in America. Just a a few(prenominal) years into his first term, chairwoman Reagan was not a valet de chambre to lose freight from ch any(prenominal)enge or controversy. Well entrenched in his article of belief that man was good and that good would in conclusion defeat evil, he used this legal transfer to hammer home the ideas that he held into his consultation, and also give warning to his enemies.mayhap the most important rhetorical strategy of prexy Reagans speech was its positionting. In choosing to deliver this speech onward the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals, the President was fitting to affect many details that added credibility and weight to his speech in one fell swoop. Already known for his steadfast conviction in God, the fact that he would speak before this base was not shocking, nor was it shocking that he would take a stance against roughly more liberal policies being pushed in semipolitical circles at the clip. It was this hotshot of comfort and security that worked on President Reagans behalf twofold. By allowing some(prenominal) opponents and assort alike to believe that this was simply any other(a) speech, President Reagan is able to free himself from c erstrns about how the speech will be received and helps set up for the bait and switch later on.Once the tone, general republican rh etoric, and style of the speech was open up, it had become apparent that President Reagan was planning to use the speech as a political pulpit to combat authorized liberal agendas that he was not in favor of, such as abortion without parental notification or the starving of disabled infants. both of these examples carried with them extreme moral weight with the crowd and President Reagan do incontestable to place himself on the side of the earreach, that is the belief that all life require its right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness . . . protected. By using this assumption of his close along with the sense of hearing mirroring his ethical code, President Reagan set up a bait-and-switch, in that his comfortingified brotherhood with the audience used this agreement of goals and ethical motive to make a more significant pedagogy. This more significant statement flows from the same lines of reason and logic that was previously identified and accepted, but is a st atement that the audience would generally be uncomfortable making. By position the reasoning first, President Reagan checkmates the audience into agreement, thus a bait and switch.The bait-and-switch itself was currentlyer simple. In the initial portion of the speech, President Reagan appealed to the ethical nature of the audience by giving examples of current events and using the audiences common ethical background to create common ground with that audience. He also seeks to calm the audience by informing them that they are not the minority as the media of the time made them tint. 95 percent of those surveyed expressed a belief in God, President Reagan assured, and a huge majority believed the Ten Commandments had real substance in their lives. This information was perfectly aimed at his audience of Christian Evangelicals. He went on to say that most studies found most Americans disapproved of adultery, teenage sex, pornography, abortion, and labored drugs. By using these fact s, President Reagan was able to convey a legal profession of strength and confidence to the audience, and an important strategy of this speech emerges. By allowing the audience to feelcomfortable in accepting President Reagans assertions, and once the audience was made to feel emboldened and powerful by acts of support through the country,President Reagan could make assertions base off of this camaraderie with the audience. Having bolstered his credibility and logical base, P. Reagan then applied all of this to his final psyche, the labeling of the Soviet marriage ceremony as the Evil Empire that mustiness be fought.While President Reagan had previously described the Soviet join with other disparaging remarks, such as declaring that the Soviet center would soon be on the ash heap of history, this statement declared an holy sovereign nation to be not just belligerent or stubborn, but whole heartedly evil, drawing parallels to Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. Such an accusation speaks record to President Reagans characterization of the conflict between the Western World and the Soviet Bloc. In addition to simply escalating his previous rhetoric, this statement makes it clear that President Reagan saw the conflict as not just an intellectual participation between competing economic and political systems, but a moral strife between good and evil. .In an excellent use of debate technique, before declaring the Soviet Union evil President Reagan made sure to cuticle his argument from outside criticism that the United States itself had some aspects of evil in it by acknowledging that the nation, too, has a legacy of evil with which it must deal. The glory of this basis has been its capacity for transcending the moral evils of our past. For example, the long struggle of minority citizens for equal rights, once a source of disunity and civil war is now a point of pride for all Americans. . . There is no room for racism, anti-Semitism, or other forms of ethnic and racial hatred in this country. By looking at heart first, President Reagan disallowed his opponents from using these exact previous transgressions against his argument.Once President Reagan has made this declarative statement and due to the skill used by President Reagan in setting up the bait and switchup to this point in his speech, the close that the Soviet Union is evil was actually a foregone one President Reagan named and analyzed other examples of evil, all of which were being committed or existing in the Soviet Union at the time. He draws these examples from the establish fathers of America and in doing so both adds credibility to the speech as good as add emotional support to the cause. Calling on William Penn, President Reagan stated, If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants, and followed with Jefferson, The God that gave us life gave us liberty at the same time. In theme with the founding fathers, President Reagan then finishes us his lit any of quotes with perhaps the most venerated founding father George Washington, who said, Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and pietism are indispensable supports. apply these quotes as well as the ethical and moral foundation he laid sooner in his speech, President Reagan explains to the audience the exact reasons why the Soviet Union is in fact evil. Marxist-Leninists, President Reagan points out, believe that the only morality allowed in the Soviet Union is one that furthers the cause of world revolution. In paraphrasing Lenin, President Reagan let the audience know that the Soviet Government officially believes the any morality base on supernatural ideas should be rejected and that morality of any sort was subordinate to class warfare, the goal of the Soviet Revolution. Using these pointed examples, President Reagan asserts that morality and religion are seen by the Soviet Union as tools of the oppressors, and that in order to ha ve a new beginning, both must be destroyed. Thus, President Reagan concludes, the Soviet Union will eventually seek the destruction of the very religion and morals the audience holds at the center of their existence.Having already convinced the audience that it is in fact Americas belief in morality and religion that had allowed America to be as palmy as it had been, and the assumed fact that religion and morality are commutation cores to the audiences life, President Reagan completed his bait-and-switch. By refocusing the energies and drive of the audience from the prior domestic agendas to the unusual realm, President Reagan was able to elicit a solid base of support as well as a convincing argument,for combatting the Soviet Union on a platform not based on economic disagreements, but moral imperatives on par with the deathless struggle of good and evil. By being able to label America and her allies as good, and the Soviet Union and its protectorates as evil, President Reagan had established his reasoning for dealing with the Soviet Union, and at the same time acted very effectually to convince his audience, the Convention as well and America as a whole, that they needed to become involved in domestic and foreign policies as a matter of morality the struggle of good versus evil.